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unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

4 major concepts of cell theory

A
  1. cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living things
  2. activity of organism depends on collective activities of its cell
  3. structure determines function
  4. continuity of life is cellular
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2
Q

4 elements that make up most living matter

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

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3
Q

water takes up how much of a cell

A

60%; intracellular fluid

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4
Q

generalized cell

A

structural and functional unit of living things

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5
Q

3 components of a generalized cell

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

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6
Q

structures of cell nucleus

A

nuclear envelope: double membrane, bounds the
nucleus, nuclear pores allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell, Encloses nucleoplasm; nucleolus: assembles ribosomes; chromatin: composed of DNA, condenses to form chromosomes when cell divides

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7
Q

chemical composition of plasma membrane

A

(semipermeable) 2 layers of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, sugar groups

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8
Q

organization of plasma membrane

A
  1. general
  2. hydrophilic (water loving; polar head)
  3. hydrophobic (water hating; non polar tail)
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9
Q

function of cholesterol

A

strength

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10
Q

function of proteins

A

transport; enzymes and receptors

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11
Q

function of sugar groups

A

glycoproteins and glycocalyx; cell identification

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12
Q

tight junctions

A

zipper; fusing together (binding); impermeable

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13
Q

desmosomes

A

rivets; button like thickenings; anchoring

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14
Q

gap junctions

A

opens for communications; hollow cinders of proteins; molecules traveling from cell to cell

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15
Q

cytoplasm

A

cytosol (fluid), inclusions (chemical substances), organelles (actual structures)

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16
Q

intracellular fluid

A

fluid in the cell; cytosol in plasma membrane (potassium and phosphate ions)

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17
Q

extracellular fluid

A

fluid outside the cell; blood plasma and interstitial fluid (sodium and chloride ions)

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18
Q

passive transport

A

no need for energy

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19
Q

active transport

A

uses energy (ATP)

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20
Q

simple diffusion

A

small, fat soluble molecules, unassisted process

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21
Q

osmosis

A

simple diffusion of water, through aquaporin (lets only water through); assisted process

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22
Q

flitration

A

critical for kidneys, forced through membrane by fluid- hydrostatic or pressure; pressure gradient must exist

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23
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

protein molecules that act as carriers; large substances; glucose too big so has own channel (needs hormones or insulin)

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24
Q

active transport (solute pumping)

A

against concentration gradient (spread out); too large to travel through membranes

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25
vesicular transport
moved across membrane in bulk without actually crossing the plasma membrane
26
exocytosis
excrete; out
27
endocytosis
pulls in; enclosed
28
receptor-mediated endocytosis
selective process for enzymes, hormones, cholesterol, and iron
29
phagocytosis
cell eating; WBC; protective mechanism
30
pinocytosis
cell drinking; taking in particles (nutrients)
31
isotonic solution
same solution; balanced (.9%)
32
hypertonic solution
more solutes; shrink
33
hypotonic solution
fewer solutes; cells plump with more water
34
cell life cycle
series of changes the cell experiences from the time it is formed until it divides
35
2 major periods during cell life cycle
interphase (metabolic phase, longer) and cell division
36
DNA replication
genetic material duplicated; in the nucleus; at the end of interphase
37
2 events during cell division
mitosis and cytokinesis
38
mitosis
division of nucleus;PMAT
39
prophase
nuclear envelope is broken; centrioles reappear
40
metaphase
line in middle
41
anaphase
pulled apart to sides
42
telophase
chromosomes back to chromatin, envelope appears
43
cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm; two daughter cells exist
44
gene
DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein of polypeptide chain
45
protein
fibrous or globular; building materials or enzymes
46
protein synthesis
DNA information is coded into a sequence of bases; DNA keeps code safe and RNA helps deliver
47
3 varieties of RNA
tRNA: transfer rRNA: ribosomal mRNA: messenger
48
transcription
transfers info from DNAs base sequence to complementary base sequence of mRNA (making copy)
49
translation
base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to amino acid sequence (involves all 3 types); copying cytoplasm
50
inflammation stage
sets the stage; clot walls off injured area
51
granulation stage
tissue forms; rebuild collagen fibers
52
regeneration and fibrosis
replacement of destroyed tissue (can't see mark); scar repair (dense connective tissue)
53
regenerates well
fibrous connective tissue and bone; skin and mucous membrane
54
regenerates poorly
skeletal muscle
55
forms scar tissue
cardiac muscle, nervous tissue in brain and spinal cord
56
muscle and nervous are amitotic
making fibers you have bigger and not getting more (stops dividing)
57
neoplasm
both benign and canerous
58
benign
non cancerous; doesn't spread
59
malignant
cancerous and spreads
60
hyperplasia
inc in size
61
atrophy
dec in size (cast causes muscles to shrink)
62
mitochondria
powerhouse; creates ATP
63
ribosomes
protein synthesis/production; located in cytoplasm and rough ER
64
ER
smooth (no ribosomes, lipid metabolism, detoxifying drugs and poisons) and rough (ribosomes, protein synthesis)
65
Golgi apparatus
packages proteins and directs them (modifies, FedEx)
66
lysosomes
digests old cells
67
peroxisomes
sacs that detoxify harmful substances
68
cytoskeleton
network of protein filaments for structure
69
centrioles
cell divison
70
suface extensions
cilia, flagella, microvilli
71
cilia
respiratory system to move mucus and egg
72
flagella
movement
73
microvilli
extensions to inc surface area; fingerlike; no movement
74
solution
homogeneous mixture
75
shock
low blood pressure causing death by kidney failure; binucleate and multinucleate cells result; common in liver and skeletal muscle (cytoplasm isn't divided)
76
binucleate
2 nuclei
77
multinucleate
multiple
78
codons
3 base sequences on mRNA
79
anticodons
3 base sequences on on their head that can temporarily bind to complementary codons
80
carcinogens
capable of causing cancer
81
metastasis
development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer

bio 111 (19 decks)

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