unit 1 Flashcards by sophie selander

anatomy

study of body structure

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physiology

study of body function

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atoms

smallest chemical building block

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molecules

2 or more atoms combined together

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cells

smallest unit of living things

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integumentary system (structures)

skin, mucous membranes, hair, nails

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skeletal system (structures)

bones, cartilage, joints

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muscular system (structures)

all muscles in body

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nervous system (structures)

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

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endocrine system (structures)

endocrine glands and hormones

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cardiovascular system (structures)

heart, blood vessels, blood

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lymphatic system (structures)

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

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respiratory system (structures)

nasal passages, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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digestive system (structures)

tube from mouth to anus; oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum, anus, salivary glands, liver, pancreas

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urinary system (structures)

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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reproductive system (structures)

testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, duct system; ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

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integumentary system (functions)

waterproofs, protects deeper tissues, produces vitamin D with sunlight, excretes salt in sweat and helps regulate temperature, sensory receptors report what’s happening at skins surface

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skeletal system (functions)

framework, protection (skull around brain), blood cells are produced in its cavities, stores minerals

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muscular system (functions)

produces movement through contractions, skeletal muscles attach to and move bones, other muscles move fluids and other substances through organs

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nervous system (functions)

sensory receptors detect changes (stimuli), send nerve impulses to CNS, CNS assesses info, responds to activating efforts (muscles and glands)

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endocrine system (functions)

slower control system, glands produce hormones that regulate other structures, hormones travel in body to control growth

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cardiovascular system (functions)

delivers o2, nutrients, hormones, and others to cells; removes waste (co2) from cells, WBC and chemicals protect against foreign invaders, heart pumps blood to all body tissues

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lymphatic system (functions)

returns tissue fluid to blood, cleanses blood, WBC provide immunity

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respiratory system (functions)

supplies o2, removes co2, gas exchange occurs in tiny air sacs in lungs

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digestive system (functions)

breaks down food, delivers nutrients to blood for distribution, breakdown for water reabsorption, eliminates dietary waste as feces

urinary system (functions)

removes nitrogen-containing waste from blood

reproductive system (functions)

produces offspring; testes produce sperm and duct system carries sperm out of body, ovaries produce eggs and uterus houses fetus until birth

responsiveness or irritability

ability to sense changes and react

metabolism

chemical reactions within the body

metabolism (function)

breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones, builds larger molecules from smaller ones, produces energy in the form of ATP, regulated by hormones

reproduction

(to produce offspring) cellular level: new cells are used for growth and repair; organismal level: reproductive system handles the task

growth

increase cell or body size, hormones play an important role

nutrients

chemicals used for energy and cell building (carbs, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals)

oxygen

required for chemical reactions, made available by the corporation of the respiratory and cardiovascular system

water

60-80% of body weight, most abundant chemical, provides fluid base for body secretions and exertions

normal body temp

37 degrees C or 98.6 degrees F

anatomical position

standard body position and used to avoid confusion; stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at sides with palms facing forwards and thumbs pointing away from body

superior (cranial)

towards head

inferior (caudal)

away from head

anterior (ventral)

toward front of body

posterior (dorsal)

toward backside of body

medial

toward midline

lateral

away from midline

intermediate

between medial and lateral structures

proximal

closest to point of attachment to the trunk (down body)

distal

furthest from point of attachment to trunk (up body)

superficial (external)

toward body surface

deep (internal)

away from body surface

abdominal

abdomen

acromial

top of shoulder

antebrachial

lower arm

antecubital

front of elbow

axillary

armpit

brachial

upper arm

buccal

cheek

carpal

wrist

cervical

neck

coxal

hip

crural

leg

deltoid

shoulder

digital

fingers and toes

femoral

thigh

fibular

side of leg

frontal

forehead

inguinal

groin

mental

chin

nasal/nasal cavity

nose

oral/oral cavity

mouth

orbital/orbital cavity

eye

patellar

front of knee

pectoral

chest

pelvic

pelvis

pubic

genital region

sternal

breastbone

tarsal

ankle

thoracic

chest region

umbilical

naval, belly button

calcaneal

heel

cephalic

head

gluteal

buttock

lumbar

lower back

occipital

back of head

olecranal

back of elbow

popliteal

back of knee

sural

calf

sacral

between hips

scapular

shoulder blade

vertebral

spinal column

plantar

sole of foot

section

cuts along plane

plane

imaginary lines used to divide the body

sagittal section

divides body into left and right

midsagittal

equal left and right

frontal section (coronal)

anterior and posterior (front and back)

transverse (cross section)

superior and inferior (top and bottom)

dorsal cavity

contains cranial cavity and spinal column

cranial cavity

houses brain, protected by skull

spinal cavity

houses spinal cord, protected by vertebrae

ventral cavity

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

thoracic cavity

heart and lungs, protected by ribs

abdominal cavity

stomach, intestines, spleen, liver; protected by trunk muscles

pelvic cavity

urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum; protected by bony pelvis

abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal and pelvic cavity

middle ear cavity

middle ear bones (balance)

homeostasis

maintaining balance for a constant internal state

receptor

responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) and sends info to control center

control center

determines set point, analyzes into, and determines appropriate response

effector

provides the means of the control centers response to the stimulus and info flows from control center to efferent along efferent pathway

negative feedback

homeostatic control mechanisms, shuts off original stimulus or reduces intensity, household thermostat

postitive feedback

rare in humans, increases original stimulus to push variable further, reaction occurs faster, blood clotting and during childbirth

homeostatic imbalance

a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease (sick)

unit 1 Flashcards

(111 cards)