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bio 111 > unit 9 > Flashcards

unit 9 Flashcards

1
Q

target organ

A

target sites where hormone acts; has specific protein receptors

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2
Q

amino acid based hormones

A

made of proteins, peptides, and amines

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3
Q

steroid hormones

A

crosses membrane easily; made from cholesterol

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4
Q

endocrine system

A

-Second controlling system of the body
-Uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are released into the blood

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5
Q

hormones control what several major processes

A

 Reproduction
 Growth and development
 Mobilization of body defenses
 Maintenance of much of homeostasis
 Regulation of metabolism

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6
Q

prostaglandins

A

made from highly active lipids that act as local hormones

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7
Q

direct gene activation

A

used by steroid hormones and thyroid hormones

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8
Q

second messenger systems

A

used by protein and peptide hormones

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9
Q

direct gene activation steps

A
  1. Steroid hormones (and thyroid hormones) diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells
  2. Once inside the cell, hormone enters the nucleus
  3. Then, the hormone binds to a specific protein within the nucleus
  4. Hormone-receptor complex binds to specific sites on the cell’s DNA
  5. Certain genes are activated to transcribe messenger RNA
  6. New proteins are synthesized
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10
Q

second messenger systems steps

A

hormone (first messenger) -> activates enzyme -> catalyzes reaction to produce second messenger molecule

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11
Q

negative feedback

A
  • maintains hormone levels in blood
  • a stimulus or low hormone levels
  • stops once an appropriate level in blood is reached
  • restores homeostasis and then hormone levels decrease
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12
Q

positive feedback

A

hormone levels don’t decrease; blood clots, child birth, lactation

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13
Q

tropic hormone

A

causing release of second hormone from endocrine gland; FSH, LH, TSH and TH, ACTH

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14
Q

hormonal stimuli

A

endocrine organs are activated by other hormones; most common; hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to secrete hormones that stimulate other endocrine
glands to secrete hormones

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15
Q

humoral stimuli

A

changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release; parathyroid hormone and insulin

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16
Q

neural stimuli

A

nerve fibers stimulate release; under control of sympathetic nervous system; epinephrine and norepinephrine

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17
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless glands; hormones directly into blood or lymph (organ that produces hormones)

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18
Q

exocrine glands

A

organs that produce hormones and other products (mixed)

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19
Q

anterior lobe

A

produces releasing hormones; proteins or peptides (function through secondary messengers) releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones

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20
Q

posterior lobe

A

makes products and stores them; ADH and oxytocin making and storing - hypothalamus to posterior

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21
Q

ADH

A

kidney; urine volume decreases and increases blood pressure

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22
Q

oxytocin

A

mammary glands and uterine muscles; positive feedback hormone

23
Q

kidney/intestine

A

stimulates production of RBC; stimulates active transport of dietary calcium ions

24
Q

heart

A

sodium ion reabsorption in kidneys and decreases blood volume and pressure (adrenal cortex)

25
Q

placenta

A

hormones to maintain pregnancy; hCG, estrogen, progesterone, hPL, relaxing hormones

26
Q

effects of aging on endocrine system and body homeostasis

A
  • efficiency of all endocrine glands gradually decreases
  • increase of diabetes mellitus and immune system depression, lowers metabolic rate and cancer rates in some areas
  • menopause: osteoporosis, inc heart disease, mood changes
27
Q

How hormones promote body homeostasis

A

In the pancreas insulin and glucagon maintain blood sugar homeostasis

28
Q

endocrinology

A

scientific study of hormones
and endocrine organs

29
Q

endocrine system process

A
  1. Hormones are produced by specialized cells.
  2. Cells secrete hormones into extracellular fluids and then hormones move to blood stream.
  3. Blood transfers hormones to target sites known as TARGET ORGANS.
  4. These hormones then regulate the activity of other cells.
30
Q

when hormones arouse cells or alter cellular activity:

A
  1. Change plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels
  2. Activate or inactivate enzymes
  3. Stimulate or inhibit cell division
  4. Promote or inhibit secretion of a product
  5. Turn on or turn off transcription of certain genes
31
Q

hormones needed to grow

A

thyroid hormone and GH (abnormally small stature if inadequate amounts) (they need iodine)

32
Q

process to produce T3 and T4 and hormones involved

A

hypothalamus -(TRH)-> pituitary -(TSH)-> thyroid (thyroxine T3 and T4 = # of iodine) (myxedema if inadequate amounts)

33
Q

insulin process

A
  1. glucose into cells
  2. glucose to liver to make more glucagon
  3. glucose -> fat storage
34
Q

hypothalamus

A

produces releasing hormones
and inhibiting hormones to anterior pituitary; makes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones to posterior pituitary

35
Q

pituitary gland

A

stores hormones made by hypothalamus; oxytocin and ADH; tropic hormones; GH and prolactin

36
Q

pineal gland

A

Hangs from the roof of the third ventricle; secretes melatonin=sleep/wake cycle and coordinates the hormones of fertility

37
Q

thyroid gland

A

base of throat; produces thyroid hormone and calcitonin

38
Q

parathyroid gland

A

posterior of the thyroid; Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)=regulator of calcium ion homeostasis of the blood (tetany)

39
Q

thymus

A

posterior to the sternum; produces thymosin

40
Q

adrenal gland

A

on top of kidneys; Adrenal cortex (Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and Sex hormones) and adrenal medulla

41
Q

pancreas

A

Mixed gland, with both endocrine and exocrine functions; insulin and glucagon = maintain blood sugar

42
Q

gonads

A

sex cells and hormones; ovaries (estrogen and progesterone) and testes (testosterone)

43
Q

thyroid hormone

A

Needed for tissue growth and development; major metabolic hormone; iodine containing T3 and T4

44
Q

calcitonin

A

decreases blood calcium levels

45
Q

thymosin

A

 Matures some types of white blood cells
 Important in developing the immune system

46
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Regulate mineral (salt) content in blood, particularly sodium and potassium ions

47
Q

Release of aldosterone is stimulated by

A

response to a drop in blood pressure

48
Q

Aldosterone production is inhibited by

A

blood pressure is too high

49
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Promote normal cell metabolism; resist long-term stressors; Anti-inflammatory properties

50
Q

Sex hormones

A

Most of the hormones produced are androgens (male sex hormones), but some estrogens (female sex hormones) are also formed

51
Q

Adrenal medulla

A
  1. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
  2. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
52
Q

progesterone

A

Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterus

53
Q

estrogen

A

Stimulate the development of secondary female characteristics

bio 111 (19 decks)

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