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bio 111 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Kinetic energy

A

In motion; doing the work

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2
Q

Potential energy

A

Inactive or stored (ATP)

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3
Q

4 major energy forms

A

Chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant

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4
Q

Chemical energy

A

Stored in chemical bonds of substances

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5
Q

Electrical energy

A

movement of charged particles

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6
Q

Mechanical energy

A

Energy directed involved in moving matter

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7
Q

Radiant energy

A

Travels in waves; electromagnetic spectrum

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8
Q

4 major elements of human body

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

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9
Q

3 major subatomic particles

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

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10
Q

protons

A

mass: 1; positive charges; located in nucleus

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11
Q

neutrons

A

mass: 1; no charge; located in nucleus

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12
Q

electrons

A

mass: 1/2000; negative charge; orbits around nucleus

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13
Q

radioisotope

A

heavy isotopes of certain atoms (unstable); tag and trace biological molecules through the body

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14
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms of the same element combined

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15
Q

compound

A

two or more atoms of different elements combines chemically

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16
Q

ionic bond

A

weaker than covalent; form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another (transferring of electrons)

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17
Q

polar covalent bond

A

2 charged poles; electrons are not shared (water)

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18
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

electrons shared equally between atoms (carbon dioxide)

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19
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weakest bond; hydrogen atom is attracted to negative portion of polar molecule; forms intramolecular bonds (DNA helix); responsible for surface tension

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20
Q

synthesis

A

anabolic (building); energy is absorbed to form larger molecule (amino acids to protein)

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21
Q

decomposition

A

catabolic (destructive); molecule is broken down and energy is released (glycogen to glucose)

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22
Q

exchange

A

simultaneous synthesis and decomposition ( glucose to glucose phosphate)

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23
Q

organic compound

A

contains carbon; large and covalent; can burn; carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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24
Q

inorganic compound

A

lack carbon (except carbon dioxide); will not burn; small and simple with ionic or covalent bonds; water, salt, many acids and bases

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25
most important inorganic compound
water
26
water
universal solvent, high heat capacity, polar, chemical reactivity, cushioning; regulates body temp - sweat when hot, digest food, break down biological molecules
27
solute
substance being dissolved
28
solvent
substance doing the dissolving
29
solution
solutes are tiny; mixed/ will not separate
30
colloid
solutes are intermediate size; translucent mixture (will separate)
31
electrolytes (salt, acid, base)
ions that conduct electrical currents; easily break into ions in presence of water
32
salt
inorganic; ionic; contains cations other than H+ and anions other than OH-
33
acid
electrolytes that ionize in water and release H+; strong acids ionize completely; weak acids ionize incompletely (stay together); proton donors
34
base
electrolytes ionize in water; release OH-; proton acceptors
35
pH
power of hydrogen ions; based on number of protons in a solution; measures concentration of H+ in solutions; 0(acidic)-14(basic)
36
monomers
smaller molecules that form polymers
37
polymers
chainlike molecules made of smaller repeating units
38
dehydration synthesis
formation of organic molecules (produces water)
39
hydrolysis
breakdown of organic molecules (requires water)
40
carbs
simple sugars and starch; major energy fuel
41
lipids
phospholipids, steroids, triglycerides, unsaturated/saturated; fatty acids, glycerol; cushions organs and provides reserved energy
42
proteins
amino acids, polypeptides; provide for construction materials for body tissues and vital for cell function
43
enzyme
act as biological catalyst; bind to substrates at an active site to catalyze reaction
44
catalyst
increased rate of chemical reactions
45
denaturation of enzymes
sudden decrease or increase in temp, different pH/increase in pH
46
dna
organic, double-stranded helix; genetic material in nucleus, provides instructions for every protein in body
47
rna
organic, single-stranded helix; carries out dna's instructions for protein synthesis
48
ATP
organic; chemical energy used by all cells; chemical, transport, and mechanical work (made in mitochondria)
49
reaction for ATP
ADP + P = ATP; ATP = ADP + P + energy for cell work
50
neutral atoms
same neutrons and protons
51
isotope
same protons and electrons, different neutrons
52
ion
lost or gained electrons
53
atomic number
number of protons
54
atomic mass
sum of protons and neutrons
55
atomic weight
same as mass
56
chemical reactions
atoms combine or break apart
57
chemical bonds
interactions among electrons
58
factors that influence a rate of a chemical reaction
temp, concentration, particle size, presence of catalyst
59
neutralization reaction
exchange reactions
60
change of 1 pH unit
10x change in H+ concentration
61
blood pH level
7.35-7.45 (7.4)
62
2 organic atoms
carbon and hydrogen
63
carbs
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
64
saturated fats
solid at room temp; bad
65
unsaturated fats
liquid at room temp; good
66
trans fats
oils solidified by adding hydrogen atoms at double bind sites; inc heart disease
67
omega 3 fatty acids
fish, flax, pumpkin, chia seeds; dec heart disease
68
phospholipids
2 fatty acid chains rather than 3 (hydrophobic); head carries electrical charge (hydrophilic)
69
valance shell
outermost shell of atom where electrons sit (in electron cloud)
70
rule of 8's
2 will do for shell 1, 8 is great for 2 and 3
71
heat capacity
absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before temp changes
72
suspension
solute particles are large (colloid-doesn’t stay mixed)
73
buffer
take up excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions to maintain pH stability
74
functional groups
small, reactive parts of organic compounds
75
triglycerides
neutral fats; composed of fatty acids and glycerol
76
steroids
fat molecules formed by four interlocking carbon rings
77
cholesterol
most important steroid molecule
78
polypeptides
less than 50 amino acids
79
fibrous protein
important in binding structures together and providing strength in certain body tissues
80
globular protein
mobile; do things rather than form structures
81
active sites
interact chemical with other molecules of complementary shape and charge (substrates)

bio 111 (19 decks)

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