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bio 111 > finals studyguide > Flashcards

finals studyguide Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

study of structure of the body

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2
Q

physiology

A

study of function of the body

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3
Q

integumentary

A

waterproofs, cushions

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4
Q

skeletal

A

framework and protection

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5
Q

muscular

A

movement, provides heat

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6
Q

nervous

A

control system, responds to stimuli

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7
Q

endocrine

A

hormones; glands

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8
Q

cardiovascular

A

delivers oxygen and nutrients, removes wastes, pumps blood, distributes heat

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9
Q

lymphatic

A

return tissue fluid to blood, cleanse blood, WBCs provide immunity, providing protection

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10
Q

respiratory

A

supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; gas exchange

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11
Q

digestive

A

breaksdown food, reabsorbs nutrients, and excretes wastes

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12
Q

urinary

A

removes nitrogen containing waste from blood, maintains water and salt balance, regulates blood pressure

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13
Q

reproductive

A

produce offspring

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14
Q

5 survival needs

A

nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp, and atmospheric pressure

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15
Q

dorsal body cavity

A

cranial and spinal cavity

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16
Q

ventral body cavity

A

thoracic cavity (diaphragm and mediastinum - heart and lungs), abdominopelvic cavity (abdomen, pelvis - stomach, liver, reproductive bladder)

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17
Q

negative feedback

A

shut off original stimulus or reduce intensity; homeostasis

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18
Q

structure of an atom (subatomic particles)

A

protons, neutrons, electrons

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19
Q

protons

A

nucleus, positive

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20
Q

neutrons

A

nucleus, no charge

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21
Q

electrons

A

outside nucleus, negative

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22
Q

ionic bond

A

when electrons are transferred from one atom to another

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23
Q

polar covalent bond

A

2 charged poles; electrons are not shared equally

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24
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

electrons shared equally

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25
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

weakest bonds; hydrogen atoms attracted to negative portion of polar molecule; forms intramolecular bonds

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26
Q

electrolytes

A

ions that carry a charge

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27
Q

organic compounds

A

contains carbon; carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids; large

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28
Q

inorganic compounds

A

lack carbon except carbon dioxide; will not burn; water, salt, acids and bases; small

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29
Q

pH

A

power of hydrogen ions; based on number of protons

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30
Q

acids

A

electrolytes that ionize in water and release hydrogen ions; proton donors

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31
Q

bases

A

electrolytes ionize in water and release hydroxide ions; proton acceptors

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32
Q

carbs

A

simple sugars and starch; major energy fuel

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33
Q

lipids

A

fatty acids and glycerol; cushions organs and provides reserved fuel (in every cell membrane)

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34
Q

proteins

A

amino acids and polypeptides; provide for construction materials for enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

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35
Q

monomer

A

small molecules

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36
Q

polymers

A

chainlike molecules made of monomers

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37
Q

synthesis

A

building/anabolic; energy is absorbed

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38
Q

decomposition

A

destruction/catabolic

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39
Q

exchange

A

simultaneously synthesis and decomposition reactions

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40
Q

chemical composition of cell membrane

A

two layers of phospholipids, cholesterol (strength), proteins (transport; enzymes; receptors), sugar groups (cell identification - glycoproteins and glycocalyx)

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41
Q

organization of cell membrane

A

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

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42
Q

DNA replication

A

genetic material duplicated; in the nucleus; at the end of interphase

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43
Q

complementary nucleotides

A

A-T and C-G

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44
Q

gene

A

DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein of polypeptide chain

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45
Q

protein (vs gene)

A

fibrous (structural) or globular (functional); building materials or enzymes

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46
Q

transcription

A

transfers info from DNAs base sequence to complementary base sequence of mRNA (making copy inside nucleus)

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47
Q

translation

A

base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to amino acid sequence (involves all three types - copying cytoplasm outside nucleus)

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48
Q

passive

A

simple diffusion, osmosis, filtration, faciliter diffusion; doesn’t take energy

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49
Q

active

A

active transport, vesicular transport; takes ATP

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50
Q

cell cycle

A

mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase; cytokinesis

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51
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

skin

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52
Q

mucous membrane

A

nose, digestive and respiratory tract; open to outside

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53
Q

serous membrane

A

outside of major organs

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54
Q

synovial membrane

A

joints

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55
Q

stratum basale

A

cells undergoing mitosis; deepest layer; still alive cells; contains melanocytes

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56
Q

stratum spinosum

A

increasingly flatter and more keratinized (dying); still alive cells

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57
Q

stratum granulosum

A

transitional layer to nonliving; flattened

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58
Q

stratum lucidum

A

hairless only areas; formed from dead cells of deeper layers

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59
Q

stratum corneum

A

outermost layer; filled with keratin;

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60
Q

sebaceous glands

A

produces sebum for soft hair, soft skin, kills bacteria; found over the skin except palms and soles

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61
Q

sweat glands

A

armpit and genitals; eccrine: temp regulation; apocrine: body odor (sweat)

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62
Q

hair

A

not on palms and soles; hard, keratinized epithelial cells

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63
Q

nails

A

more keratinized than hair; protection

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64
Q

rule of nines

A

estimates tissue damage and fluid loss

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65
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

least malignant and most common; from stratum basale

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66
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

stratum spinosum; by sun and spread to lymph nodes and becomes malignant

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67
Q

malignant melanoma

A

most deadly and rare; from melanocytes to lymph and blood vessels

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68
Q

axial skeleton

A

(inner)
cranial bones
facial bones
vertebral column
suture joints
ribs

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69
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

(outer)
pectoral girdle
upper and lower limb bones
pelvic girdle
shoulder blade/scapula

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70
Q

epiphysis

A

ends; spongy bone/hematopoiesis; articular cartilage

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71
Q

diaphysis

A

compact; covered by periosteum

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72
Q

periosteum

A

fibrous connective membrane around bones

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73
Q

endosteum

A

connective tissue lining inside of shaft; contains medullary cavity

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74
Q

cervical vertebra

A

atlas; axis; 3 holes

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75
Q

thoracic vertebra

A

rotation, meets with ribs

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76
Q

lumbar vertebra

A

no rotation

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77
Q

sacrum

A

fuse 16

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78
Q

coccyx

A

tail bone

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79
Q

synarthroses

A

immovable; skull; fibrous

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80
Q

amphiarthroses

A

slightly moveable; spine; cartilage

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81
Q

daithroses

A

freely moveable; synovial joints

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82
Q

plane joints

A

spine, carpals

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83
Q

hinge joints

A

elbow

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84
Q

pivot joints

A

ulna, radias

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85
Q

condylar joints

A

metacarpals, metatarsals

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86
Q

saddle joint

A

thumb

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87
Q

ball and socket joint

A

shoulder (most movable)

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88
Q

changes in skeletal development

A

hyaline to compact bone

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89
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated
voluntary
multinucleate
tendons to bones

90
Q

smooth muscle

A

no striations
involuntary
uninucleate
tubes and digestive tract

91
Q

cardiac muscle

A

heart only
involuntary
uninucleate
striated - branching

92
Q

actin myofilament

A

I bands; thin; only a space; attacked to z disc - attachment sights

93
Q

myosin myofilament

A

A bands; thick; heads form cross bridges

94
Q

motor unit

A

1 motor neuron and all skeletal muscle cells stimulated by that neuron

95
Q

motor neuron

A

allows contraction

96
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

where nerve and muscle fiber meet

97
Q

origin

A

fixed, immovable attachment

98
Q

insertion

A

movable attachment

99
Q

prime mover

A

produces the movement (agonist)

100
Q

antagonist

A

oppose or reverse movement

101
Q

synergist

A

reduce undesirable or unnecessary movement; aids prime mover

102
Q

fixator

A

immobilize origin of prime mover so all tension is exerted at insertion

103
Q

adduction

A

toward body

104
Q

abduction

A

away from body

105
Q

circumduction

A

circular; ball and socket or eye

106
Q

dorsiflexion

A

backward bending and contracting of your hand or foot; flexing towards body

107
Q

plantar flexion

A

top of your foot points away from your leg; pointing foot away from body

108
Q

inversion

A

turning foot inwards

109
Q

eversion

A

turning foot outwards

110
Q

pronation

A

palm facing down

111
Q

supination

A

palm facing up

112
Q

CNS

A

command center; brain and spinal cord; interprets incoming info and issues outgoing instruction

113
Q

PNS

A

cranial and spinal nerves; communication lines - carries impulses

114
Q

sensory division (afferent)

A

nerve fibers carry info to CNS; somatic and visceral

115
Q

moto division (efferent)

A

nerve fibers carry impulses away from CNS

116
Q

somatic nervous system

A

skeletal muscles; skin and joints

117
Q

voluntary nervous system

A

skeletal muscle

118
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary; cardiac and smooth muscle glands; parasympathetic and sympathetic

119
Q

cell body

A

nucleus and metabolic center; decision maker

120
Q

processes of neuron

A

bring in or send away messages; fibers that extend from cell body; axon and dendrites

121
Q

myelin sheath

A

white fatty protein covering axons; Schwann cells wrap around; it protects and insulates nerve fibers and speeds nerve transmissions

122
Q

generating a nerve impulse (very simplified)

A
  • electric charge opens calcium channels
  • calcium enters axon terminal
  • neurotransmitter is released
  • it enters and diffuses across synaptic cleft
  • binds to receptors on membrane of next neuron
  • opens ion channels into membrane on second neuron
  • graded potential is generated
  • then triggers action potential and signal is transmitted to axon terminal of that neuron
123
Q

dura mater

A

outermost layer; 2 layers

124
Q

arachnoid

A

middle layer; cerebrospinal fluid

125
Q

pia mater

A

internal layer

126
Q

parasympathetic division

A

brain stem; rest and digest

127
Q

sympathetic division

A

spine; epinephrine; fight or flight

128
Q

fibrous layer of eye

A

outside; sclera and cornea

129
Q

vascular layer of eye

A

middle; choroid (blood vessels)

130
Q

sensory layer of eye

A

inside; retina; outer layer absorbs light and prevents scattering and inner layer contains photoreceptors (rods and cones)

131
Q

rods

A

vision in dim light and peripheral vision; grey tones

132
Q

cones

A

color vision

133
Q

fovea centralis

A

densest center on retina

134
Q

how image forms on retina

A
  1. cornea and humors curve and fluid bends the light
  2. lens: flat = distant; convex = near vision
  3. ciliary body muscles attach to lens and contracts
  4. real image is reversed from left to right, upside-down, and smaller than the object
135
Q

accommodation

A

lens must change shape to focus on closer objects

136
Q

astigmatism

A

images are blurry; unequal curvature of cornea or lens

137
Q

emmetropia

A

eyes focus images correctly on retina

138
Q

hyperopia

A

convex, farsightedness - near is blurry; eyeball is short - focused behind retina

139
Q

myopia

A

concave; nearsightedness - far away is blurry; eyeball is long - focused in front of retina; light fails to reach retina

140
Q

external ear

A

pinna
auditory canal
tympanic membrane

141
Q

midder ear

A

auditory tube
malleous, incus, stapes
tympanic cavity (tympanic membrane, oval window, round window)

142
Q

inner ear

A

sense organs for hearing and balance
cochlea
vestibule
semicircular canals

143
Q

static equilibrium

A

maculae; not moving; head moving but body still; vestibule

144
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

head and body moving; crista ampullaris

145
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

damage to nervous system structures involving hearing; hairs

146
Q

conductive deafness

A

when transmission of sound vibrations through external and middle ears are hindered; fused middle bones - vibrations can’t reach oval window

147
Q

target organ

A

target sites where hormone acts

148
Q

amino acid based hormones

A

proteins, peptides, amines

149
Q

steroid hormones

A

made from cholesterol; cross membrane easily

150
Q

prostaglandins

A

made from highly active lipids that act as local hormones

151
Q

hormonal stimuli

A

endocrine organs are activated by other hormones (most common)

152
Q

humoral stimuli

A

changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release

153
Q

neural stimuli

A

nerve fibers stimulate release; under control of sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)

154
Q

anterior lobe

A

glandular tissue; produces releasing hormones; proteins or peptides;

hypothalamus - releasing hormone; pituitary gland - stimulating hormone

155
Q

posterior lobe

A

nervous tissue; making products and stores; sending nerve to be stored and hormone released; oxytocin and ADH

156
Q

plasma

A

90% water; plasma proteins; distributes body heat

157
Q

blood clotting process/hemostasis

A
  1. vascular spasms
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. coagulation

*prothrombin (inactive) -> thrombin (active) to fibrinogen ->fibrin

158
Q

antigens

A

self of foreign

159
Q

antibodies

A

recognizers that bind foreign antigens

160
Q

pathway of blood through heart

A

superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary semilunar valve - pulmonary trunk artery - lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - bicuspid valve - left ventricle - aortic semilunar valve - ascending aorta artery

161
Q

intrinsic conduction system

A

internal, independent control system of heart

162
Q

sinus node

A

pacemaker for heart

163
Q

atrioventricular node

A

junction of right atria and ventricles

164
Q

bundle of his

A

bundle branches in intraventricular septum

165
Q

purkinje fibers

A

spread within ventricle wall muscles

166
Q

tunica intima

A

lines the lumen of a vessel and is a single thin layer of endothelium

167
Q

tunica media

A

bulky middle layer of mainly smooth muscle and elastic tissue; changing diameter of blood vessels

168
Q

tunica externa

A

outermost tunic and composed of fibrous connective tissue; supports and protects the vessel

169
Q

innate defense (nonspecific)

A

protects against wide varieties of invaders

170
Q

adaptive defense (specific)

A

fights invaders that get past innate

171
Q

steps in the inflammatory response

A

redness
heat
pain
swelling

*damaged cells release chemicals - phagocytes and WBCs move into area

172
Q

B lymphs

A

produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity; mature in bone marrow; can bind to specific antigen and make copies of itself

173
Q

T lymphs

A

cell mediated; mature in thymus; do not make antigens

174
Q

antigen presenting cells

A

engulf antigens and present fragments on their cell surfaces to be recognized by T cells (B lymphs, macrophages, dendritic cells)

175
Q

allergies

A

the immune system overreacts to a harmless antigen

176
Q

autoimmune diseases

A

occurs when body’s self tolerance breaks down and the body produces auto-antibodies and sensitized T lymphs that attack its own tissues

177
Q

immunodeficiencies

A

may be congenital or acquired; result from abnormalities in any immune element

178
Q

AIDS

A

caused by a virus that attacks and cripples the helper T cells

179
Q

SCID

A

congenital

180
Q

organs of respiratory tract

A

 Nose
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Lungs—alveoli

181
Q

cellular respiration

A

use of oxygen to produce ATP and CO2

182
Q

external respiration

A

gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli (blood and body exterior); diffusion

183
Q

internal respiration

A

gas exchange between blood and cells inside the body

184
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing

185
Q

inspiration

A

air flowing in

186
Q

expiration

A

air flowing out

187
Q

tidal volume

A

normal quiet breathing

188
Q

vital capacity

A

total amount of exchangeable air

189
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

forcibly exhale too much after tidal volume

190
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

forcibly inhaling too much over tidal volume

191
Q

residual air

A

air remains in lungs and can’t voluntarily be expelled

192
Q

non respiratory air movements

A

cough and sneeze - clears debris
crying and laughing - emotionally induced
hiccups - sudden inspirations
yawn - very deep inspirations

193
Q

how oxygen is transported in blood

A

travels attached to hemoglobin and forms oxyhemoglobin in RBCs

194
Q

how carbon dioxide is transported in blood

A

transported in plasma as bicarbonate ion

195
Q

accessory digestive organs

A

teeth
salivary glands
pancreas
liver and galbladder

196
Q

how foodstuffs in digestive tract are mixed and moved along

A

mouth - ingestion and breakdown
pharynx/esophagus - movement
stomach - chemical breakdown
small intestine - segmentation
colon - absorb water
rectum/anus - defecation

197
Q

mouth enzymes

A

amylase

198
Q

stomach enzymes

A

pepsin

199
Q

pancreas enzymes

A

amylase, lactase, pepsin

200
Q

large intestine enzymes

A

none; just bacteria

201
Q

carbs use in cell metabolism

A

make ATP; glucose in blood

202
Q

fats use in cell metabolism

A

provide reserve energy and protect/insulate body

203
Q

proteins use in cell metabolism

A

amino acids can make ATP as well

204
Q

metabolic roles of liver

A

bile production; emulsifier; “evil g words”

205
Q

composition of normal urine

A

sodium, potassium, ammonia, bicarbonate ions, urea, uric acid, creatinine

206
Q

composition of abnormal urine

A

glucose, blood proteins, RBC, WBC, hemoglobin, bile

207
Q

ADH

A

prevents excess water loss in urine and increases water absorption

208
Q

aldosterone

A

regulates sodium and potassium by absorbing a chloride ion and secreting a potassium ion for every sodium ion absorbed

209
Q

3 main fluid compartments of the body

A

intracellular fluid
extracellular fluid (lymph)
plasma (blood)

210
Q

reproductive organs

A

produce gametes and secrete hormones

211
Q

sperm

A

produced in testes and goes to epididymus to mature

212
Q

pathway of sperm

A

epididymis - ductus deferens - ejaculatory duct - urethra

213
Q

diploid

A

46; 2n

214
Q

haploid

A

23; n

215
Q

spermatogenesis

A

creating sperm

216
Q

oogenesis

A

producing ova

217
Q

vesicular follicle

A

growing follicle with a maturing oocyte

218
Q

corpus luteum

A

follicle minus ejected egg

219
Q

FSH

A

matures egg

220
Q

LH

A

causes ovulation

221
Q

events during fertilization

A

sperm and egg -> zygote -> embryo (after 13 weeks) -> fetus

222
Q

stages of birth

A

contraction
dilation - longest stage
expulsion
placental stage

bio 111 (19 decks)

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