finals studyguide Flashcards
(222 cards)
1
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anatomy
A
study of structure of the body
2
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physiology
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study of function of the body
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integumentary
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waterproofs, cushions
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skeletal
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framework and protection
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muscular
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movement, provides heat
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nervous
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control system, responds to stimuli
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endocrine
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hormones; glands
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cardiovascular
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delivers oxygen and nutrients, removes wastes, pumps blood, distributes heat
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lymphatic
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return tissue fluid to blood, cleanse blood, WBCs provide immunity, providing protection
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respiratory
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supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; gas exchange
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digestive
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breaksdown food, reabsorbs nutrients, and excretes wastes
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urinary
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removes nitrogen containing waste from blood, maintains water and salt balance, regulates blood pressure
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reproductive
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produce offspring
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5 survival needs
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nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp, and atmospheric pressure
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dorsal body cavity
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cranial and spinal cavity
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ventral body cavity
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thoracic cavity (diaphragm and mediastinum - heart and lungs), abdominopelvic cavity (abdomen, pelvis - stomach, liver, reproductive bladder)
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negative feedback
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shut off original stimulus or reduce intensity; homeostasis
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structure of an atom (subatomic particles)
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protons, neutrons, electrons
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protons
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nucleus, positive
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neutrons
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nucleus, no charge
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electrons
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outside nucleus, negative
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ionic bond
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when electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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polar covalent bond
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2 charged poles; electrons are not shared equally
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nonpolar covalent bond
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electrons shared equally
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hydrogen bonds
weakest bonds; hydrogen atoms attracted to negative portion of polar molecule; forms intramolecular bonds
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electrolytes
ions that carry a charge
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organic compounds
contains carbon; carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids; large
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inorganic compounds
lack carbon except carbon dioxide; will not burn; water, salt, acids and bases; small
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pH
power of hydrogen ions; based on number of protons
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acids
electrolytes that ionize in water and release hydrogen ions; proton donors
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bases
electrolytes ionize in water and release hydroxide ions; proton acceptors
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carbs
simple sugars and starch; major energy fuel
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lipids
fatty acids and glycerol; cushions organs and provides reserved fuel (in every cell membrane)
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proteins
amino acids and polypeptides; provide for construction materials for enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
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monomer
small molecules
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polymers
chainlike molecules made of monomers
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synthesis
building/anabolic; energy is absorbed
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decomposition
destruction/catabolic
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exchange
simultaneously synthesis and decomposition reactions
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chemical composition of cell membrane
two layers of phospholipids, cholesterol (strength), proteins (transport; enzymes; receptors), sugar groups (cell identification - glycoproteins and glycocalyx)
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organization of cell membrane
hydrophilic and hydrophobic
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DNA replication
genetic material duplicated; in the nucleus; at the end of interphase
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complementary nucleotides
A-T and C-G
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gene
DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein of polypeptide chain
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protein (vs gene)
fibrous (structural) or globular (functional); building materials or enzymes
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transcription
transfers info from DNAs base sequence to complementary base sequence of mRNA (making copy inside nucleus)
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translation
base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to amino acid sequence (involves all three types - copying cytoplasm outside nucleus)
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passive
simple diffusion, osmosis, filtration, faciliter diffusion; doesn't take energy
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active
active transport, vesicular transport; takes ATP
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cell cycle
mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase; cytokinesis
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cutaneous membrane
skin
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mucous membrane
nose, digestive and respiratory tract; open to outside
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serous membrane
outside of major organs
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synovial membrane
joints
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stratum basale
cells undergoing mitosis; deepest layer; still alive cells; contains melanocytes
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stratum spinosum
increasingly flatter and more keratinized (dying); still alive cells
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stratum granulosum
transitional layer to nonliving; flattened
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stratum lucidum
hairless only areas; formed from dead cells of deeper layers
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stratum corneum
outermost layer; filled with keratin;
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sebaceous glands
produces sebum for soft hair, soft skin, kills bacteria; found over the skin except palms and soles
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sweat glands
armpit and genitals; eccrine: temp regulation; apocrine: body odor (sweat)
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hair
not on palms and soles; hard, keratinized epithelial cells
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nails
more keratinized than hair; protection
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rule of nines
estimates tissue damage and fluid loss
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basal cell carcinoma
least malignant and most common; from stratum basale
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squamous cell carcinoma
stratum spinosum; by sun and spread to lymph nodes and becomes malignant
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malignant melanoma
most deadly and rare; from melanocytes to lymph and blood vessels
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axial skeleton
(inner)
cranial bones
facial bones
vertebral column
suture joints
ribs
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appendicular skeleton
(outer)
pectoral girdle
upper and lower limb bones
pelvic girdle
shoulder blade/scapula
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epiphysis
ends; spongy bone/hematopoiesis; articular cartilage
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diaphysis
compact; covered by periosteum
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periosteum
fibrous connective membrane around bones
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endosteum
connective tissue lining inside of shaft; contains medullary cavity
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cervical vertebra
atlas; axis; 3 holes
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thoracic vertebra
rotation, meets with ribs
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lumbar vertebra
no rotation
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sacrum
fuse 16
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coccyx
tail bone
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synarthroses
immovable; skull; fibrous
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amphiarthroses
slightly moveable; spine; cartilage
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daithroses
freely moveable; synovial joints
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plane joints
spine, carpals
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hinge joints
elbow
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pivot joints
ulna, radias
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condylar joints
metacarpals, metatarsals
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saddle joint
thumb
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ball and socket joint
shoulder (most movable)
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changes in skeletal development
hyaline to compact bone
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skeletal muscle
striated
voluntary
multinucleate
tendons to bones
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smooth muscle
no striations
involuntary
uninucleate
tubes and digestive tract
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cardiac muscle
heart only
involuntary
uninucleate
striated - branching
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actin myofilament
I bands; thin; only a space; attacked to z disc - attachment sights
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myosin myofilament
A bands; thick; heads form cross bridges
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motor unit
1 motor neuron and all skeletal muscle cells stimulated by that neuron
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motor neuron
allows contraction
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neuromuscular junction
where nerve and muscle fiber meet
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origin
fixed, immovable attachment
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insertion
movable attachment
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prime mover
produces the movement (agonist)
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antagonist
oppose or reverse movement
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synergist
reduce undesirable or unnecessary movement; aids prime mover
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fixator
immobilize origin of prime mover so all tension is exerted at insertion
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adduction
toward body
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abduction
away from body
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circumduction
circular; ball and socket or eye
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dorsiflexion
backward bending and contracting of your hand or foot; flexing towards body
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plantar flexion
top of your foot points away from your leg; pointing foot away from body
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inversion
turning foot inwards
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eversion
turning foot outwards
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pronation
palm facing down
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supination
palm facing up
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CNS
command center; brain and spinal cord; interprets incoming info and issues outgoing instruction
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PNS
cranial and spinal nerves; communication lines - carries impulses
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sensory division (afferent)
nerve fibers carry info to CNS; somatic and visceral
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moto division (efferent)
nerve fibers carry impulses away from CNS
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somatic nervous system
skeletal muscles; skin and joints
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voluntary nervous system
skeletal muscle
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autonomic nervous system
involuntary; cardiac and smooth muscle glands; parasympathetic and sympathetic
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cell body
nucleus and metabolic center; decision maker
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processes of neuron
bring in or send away messages; fibers that extend from cell body; axon and dendrites
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myelin sheath
white fatty protein covering axons; Schwann cells wrap around; it protects and insulates nerve fibers and speeds nerve transmissions
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generating a nerve impulse (very simplified)
- electric charge opens calcium channels
- calcium enters axon terminal
- neurotransmitter is released
- it enters and diffuses across synaptic cleft
- binds to receptors on membrane of next neuron
- opens ion channels into membrane on second neuron
- graded potential is generated
- then triggers action potential and signal is transmitted to axon terminal of that neuron
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dura mater
outermost layer; 2 layers
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arachnoid
middle layer; cerebrospinal fluid
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pia mater
internal layer
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parasympathetic division
brain stem; rest and digest
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sympathetic division
spine; epinephrine; fight or flight
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fibrous layer of eye
outside; sclera and cornea
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vascular layer of eye
middle; choroid (blood vessels)
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sensory layer of eye
inside; retina; outer layer absorbs light and prevents scattering and inner layer contains photoreceptors (rods and cones)
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rods
vision in dim light and peripheral vision; grey tones
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cones
color vision
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fovea centralis
densest center on retina
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how image forms on retina
1. cornea and humors curve and fluid bends the light
2. lens: flat = distant; convex = near vision
3. ciliary body muscles attach to lens and contracts
4. real image is reversed from left to right, upside-down, and smaller than the object
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accommodation
lens must change shape to focus on closer objects
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astigmatism
images are blurry; unequal curvature of cornea or lens
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emmetropia
eyes focus images correctly on retina
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hyperopia
convex, farsightedness - near is blurry; eyeball is short - focused behind retina
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myopia
concave; nearsightedness - far away is blurry; eyeball is long - focused in front of retina; light fails to reach retina
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external ear
pinna
auditory canal
tympanic membrane
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midder ear
auditory tube
malleous, incus, stapes
tympanic cavity (tympanic membrane, oval window, round window)
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inner ear
sense organs for hearing and balance
cochlea
vestibule
semicircular canals
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static equilibrium
maculae; not moving; head moving but body still; vestibule
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dynamic equilibrium
head and body moving; crista ampullaris
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sensorineural deafness
damage to nervous system structures involving hearing; hairs
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conductive deafness
when transmission of sound vibrations through external and middle ears are hindered; fused middle bones - vibrations can't reach oval window
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target organ
target sites where hormone acts
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amino acid based hormones
proteins, peptides, amines
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steroid hormones
made from cholesterol; cross membrane easily
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prostaglandins
made from highly active lipids that act as local hormones
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hormonal stimuli
endocrine organs are activated by other hormones (most common)
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humoral stimuli
changing blood levels of certain ions and nutrients stimulate hormone release
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neural stimuli
nerve fibers stimulate release; under control of sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)
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anterior lobe
glandular tissue; produces releasing hormones; proteins or peptides;
hypothalamus - releasing hormone; pituitary gland - stimulating hormone
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posterior lobe
nervous tissue; making products and stores; sending nerve to be stored and hormone released; oxytocin and ADH
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plasma
90% water; plasma proteins; distributes body heat
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blood clotting process/hemostasis
1. vascular spasms
2. platelet plug formation
3. coagulation
*prothrombin (inactive) -> thrombin (active) to fibrinogen ->fibrin
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antigens
self of foreign
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antibodies
recognizers that bind foreign antigens
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pathway of blood through heart
superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary semilunar valve - pulmonary trunk artery - lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - bicuspid valve - left ventricle - aortic semilunar valve - ascending aorta artery
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intrinsic conduction system
internal, independent control system of heart
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sinus node
pacemaker for heart
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atrioventricular node
junction of right atria and ventricles
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bundle of his
bundle branches in intraventricular septum
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purkinje fibers
spread within ventricle wall muscles
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tunica intima
lines the lumen of a vessel and is a single thin layer of endothelium
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tunica media
bulky middle layer of mainly smooth muscle and elastic tissue; changing diameter of blood vessels
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tunica externa
outermost tunic and composed of fibrous connective tissue; supports and protects the vessel
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innate defense (nonspecific)
protects against wide varieties of invaders
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adaptive defense (specific)
fights invaders that get past innate
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steps in the inflammatory response
redness
heat
pain
swelling
*damaged cells release chemicals - phagocytes and WBCs move into area
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B lymphs
produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity; mature in bone marrow; can bind to specific antigen and make copies of itself
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T lymphs
cell mediated; mature in thymus; do not make antigens
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antigen presenting cells
engulf antigens and present fragments on their cell surfaces to be recognized by T cells (B lymphs, macrophages, dendritic cells)
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allergies
the immune system overreacts to a harmless antigen
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autoimmune diseases
occurs when body's self tolerance breaks down and the body produces auto-antibodies and sensitized T lymphs that attack its own tissues
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immunodeficiencies
may be congenital or acquired; result from abnormalities in any immune element
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AIDS
caused by a virus that attacks and cripples the helper T cells
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SCID
congenital
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organs of respiratory tract
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs—alveoli
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cellular respiration
use of oxygen to produce ATP and CO2
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external respiration
gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli (blood and body exterior); diffusion
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internal respiration
gas exchange between blood and cells inside the body
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pulmonary ventilation
breathing
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inspiration
air flowing in
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expiration
air flowing out
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tidal volume
normal quiet breathing
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vital capacity
total amount of exchangeable air
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expiratory reserve volume
forcibly exhale too much after tidal volume
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inspiratory reserve volume
forcibly inhaling too much over tidal volume
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residual air
air remains in lungs and can't voluntarily be expelled
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non respiratory air movements
cough and sneeze - clears debris
crying and laughing - emotionally induced
hiccups - sudden inspirations
yawn - very deep inspirations
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how oxygen is transported in blood
travels attached to hemoglobin and forms oxyhemoglobin in RBCs
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how carbon dioxide is transported in blood
transported in plasma as bicarbonate ion
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accessory digestive organs
teeth
salivary glands
pancreas
liver and galbladder
196
how foodstuffs in digestive tract are mixed and moved along
mouth - ingestion and breakdown
pharynx/esophagus - movement
stomach - chemical breakdown
small intestine - segmentation
colon - absorb water
rectum/anus - defecation
197
mouth enzymes
amylase
198
stomach enzymes
pepsin
199
pancreas enzymes
amylase, lactase, pepsin
200
large intestine enzymes
none; just bacteria
201
carbs use in cell metabolism
make ATP; glucose in blood
202
fats use in cell metabolism
provide reserve energy and protect/insulate body
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proteins use in cell metabolism
amino acids can make ATP as well
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metabolic roles of liver
bile production; emulsifier; "evil g words"
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composition of normal urine
sodium, potassium, ammonia, bicarbonate ions, urea, uric acid, creatinine
206
composition of abnormal urine
glucose, blood proteins, RBC, WBC, hemoglobin, bile
207
ADH
prevents excess water loss in urine and increases water absorption
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aldosterone
regulates sodium and potassium by absorbing a chloride ion and secreting a potassium ion for every sodium ion absorbed
209
3 main fluid compartments of the body
intracellular fluid
extracellular fluid (lymph)
plasma (blood)
210
reproductive organs
produce gametes and secrete hormones
211
sperm
produced in testes and goes to epididymus to mature
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pathway of sperm
epididymis - ductus deferens - ejaculatory duct - urethra
213
diploid
46; 2n
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haploid
23; n
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spermatogenesis
creating sperm
216
oogenesis
producing ova
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vesicular follicle
growing follicle with a maturing oocyte
218
corpus luteum
follicle minus ejected egg
219
FSH
matures egg
220
LH
causes ovulation
221
events during fertilization
sperm and egg -> zygote -> embryo (after 13 weeks) -> fetus
222
stages of birth
contraction
dilation - longest stage
expulsion
placental stage
