Unit 2 - Bovine Neonatal Enteric Diseases

Question 1

What management practices are important for preventing bovine enteric diseases?

Answer 1

Housing and sanitation are critical
Dry environment
Excellent ventilation

Question 2

What are some adverse environmental conditions for beef calves?

Answer 2

Cold, rain, mud, and manure

Question 3

Calves should have a minimum of ___-____ quarts of high quality within the first ___ of birth.

Answer 3

2-3; hour

Question 4

When do calves need to have their necessary colostrum by?

Answer 4

Griffy says within the first 5-6 hours

Question 5

What is the target IgG/liter concentration for calf plasma?

Answer 5

10g IgG/plasma

Question 6

What are the ways to test for FPT?

Answer 6

Radial immunodiffusion, refractometry, ELISAs, Precipitation tests, and gelation tests

Question 7

What is the easiest way to test for FPT? What is the caveat with this method?

Answer 7

Refractometry - it doesn’t detect super low levels

Question 8

E. coli targets and causes disease in calves that are what age?

Answer 8

<3-5 days of age

Question 9

C. perfringens targets and causes disease in calves that are what age?

Answer 9

1-3 days of age

Question 10

AEEC targets and causes disease in calves that are what age?

Answer 10

3-30 days of age

Question 11

Rota and Corona target and cause disease in calves that are what age?

Answer 11

5-15 days of age

Question 12

Cryptosporidium targets and causes disease in calves that are what age?

Answer 12

5-35 days of age

Question 13

Salmonella targets and causes disease in calves that are what age?

Answer 13

> 14 days of age

Question 14

Nutritional causes of disease typically occur to calves that are how old?

Answer 14

<21 days of age

Question 15

T/F: In most cases of enteric disease you will find most disease agents with the exception of Cryptosporidium.

Answer 15

False - with the exception of Salmonella

Question 16

What determines the dominant agents in enteric diseases in calves?

Answer 16

The immune status of colostrum/calf

Question 17

What type of E. coli causes 90% of E. coli diarrheas in calves that are less than 4 days of age?

Answer 17

F5 (K99) fimbrial type

Question 18

How can calves with E. coli enteritis (colibacillosis) present?

Answer 18

They can have an enteritis and septicemia with respiratory signs

Question 19

What type of diarrhea will calves with colibacillosis have?

Answer 19

profuse watery to pasty diarrhea

Question 20

How is colibacillosis diagnosed?

Answer 20

Clinical signs
Post-mortem ‘lesions’
Bovine enteric panel (ISU)
Detection of F5 fimbrial antigen in feces

Question 21

T/F - Rectal temperature in calves with cocibacillosis is normal.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What post-mortem lesions do calves with colibacillosis have?

Answer 22

Fluid is present in the small intestine

Question 23

What is included on the ISU bovine enteric panel?

Answer 23

Rota, Corona, Salmonella, K99 E. coli, Cryptosporidium parvum

Question 24

How is colibacillosis prevented?

Answer 24

Immunization- F5 fimbrial-type bacterin

Question 25

When should cows be vaccinated for E. coli?

Answer 25

6 and 3 or 4 weeks before calving At dry off in dairy cows If a wet, muddy spring is predicted or happening

Question 26

How is colibacillosis treated?

Answer 26

Fluids and antibiotics (most helpful if septic)

Question 27

What is AEEC?

Answer 27

Attaching effacing E. coli

Question 28

T/F: The K99 E. coli strain produces enterotoxins and AEEC does not.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

What toxin may AEEC produce?

Answer 29

Shiga-like toxin

Question 30

Where does AAEC attach?

Answer 30

To both small and large intestine

Question 31

Where does AAEC cause the most damage?

Answer 31

Large intestine

Question 32

What lesions does AAEC cause in the large intestine?

Answer 32

Focal hemorrhage in large intestine

Question 33

What three Salmonella species cause Salmonellosis in calves?

Answer 33

S. typhimurium, S. 1,4,[5], 12 i-, and S. dublin

Question 34

What may S. 1,4,[5], 12 i- have a resistance to?

Answer 34

ASSuT - Ampicillin, Streptomycin, Sulfa, Tetracycline

Question 35

What does the enteric form of S. dublin cause?

Answer 35

Protein-losing enteropathy

Question 36

What does the septicemic form of S. dublin cause?

Answer 36

DIC

Question 37

What is the main lesion that Salmonellosis diagnosis is made based on?

Answer 37

The markedly enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes: they may be larger in diameter than the intestine

Question 38

Aside from the lesions it causes, how can Salmonellosis be diagnosed?

Answer 38

Culture of intestinal content/tissues and the bovine enteric PCR panel on feces or intestinal content

Question 39

What management practices can be done to prevent Salmonellosis?

Answer 39

Pasteurization of waste milk for calves (because it can be shed in milk) Sanitation for cows Thorough sanitation of feeding equipment for dairy calves Disinfection of pens All-in-all-out system Cull carriers

Question 40

What vaccines can be used to prevent Salmonellosis?

Answer 40

Siderophore Receptor Protein and Porins vaccine (SRP) Modified live Dublin Rough core mutants - J5 (not much value)

Question 41

How is Salmonellosis treated?

Answer 41

Antimicrobials, fluids, electrolytes, and NSAIDs

Question 42

T/F: Clostridial enteritis is not common in cattle

Answer 42

True

Question 43

What can cause severe abomasitis in cattle?

Answer 43

C. perfringens Type A

Question 44

What can cause necrotic enteritis in cattle?

Answer 44

C. perfringens Type C

Question 45

What clinical signs are associated with Clostridial enteritis in cattle?

Answer 45

Depression, anorexia, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rapid death

Question 46

What diarrhea can Clostridial enteritis cause in neonates?

Answer 46

Hemorrhagic diarrhea

Question 47

How is Clostridial enteritis diagnosed?

Answer 47

Based on lesions (hemorrhagic enteritis in neonates) and large numbers of organisms on histopath

Question 48

What age range is associated with enterotoxemia in calves?

Answer 48

6-24 months

Question 49

What causes enterotoxemia?

Answer 49

C. perfringens Type D

Question 50

What calves does enterotoxemia typically effect?

Answer 50

Thrify, well-fed calves

Question 51

What clinical signs are associated with enterotoxemia?

Answer 51

Sudden death - you may see neurologic signs or just dead calves

Question 52

How is enterotoxemia prevented?

Answer 52

Immunization of cows and calves as well as good sanitation practices

Question 53

What disease does C. noyvi type B cause?

Answer 53

Black disease, malignant edema, gas gangrene

Question 54

What disease does C. perfringens type C cause?

Answer 54

Necrotic enteritis

Question 55

What disease does C. perfringens type D cause?

Answer 55

Enterotoxemia

Question 56

What disease does C. septicum cause?

Answer 56

Malignant edema, gas gangrene, and enterotoxemia

Question 57

What disease does C. chauvoei cause?

Answer 57

Blackleg

Question 58

What disease does Paeniclostridium sordellii cause?

Answer 58

Enterotoxemia (sudden death syndrome) and malignant edema

Question 59

What disease does C. hemolyticum cause?

Answer 59

Red water disease

Question 60

What disease does C. tetani cause?

Answer 60

Tetanus

Question 61

What disease does C. perfringens type A cause?

Answer 61

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome, abomasal ulcers and tympany, gas gangrene, sudden death

Question 62

What is one of the most common causes of neonatal diarrhea in calves?

Answer 62

Rotavirus

Question 63

Rotavirus has a (low/high) infectious dose.

Answer 63

Low

Question 64

What Rotavirus serogroup predominates in causing clinical disease in neonates?

Answer 64

Serogroup A

Question 65

When does Rotavirus infection occur?

Answer 65

Most calves become infected within 2 to 3 days following parturition despite the presence of colostral antibodies

Question 66

What clinical signs are associated with Rotavirus infection?

Answer 66

Diarrhea in calves about 5-15 days of age

Question 67

What is the pathogenesis of Rotavirus infection?

Answer 67

The virus invades the small intestinal epithelium and the infected cells are destroyed

Question 68

What do you see grossly in the intestines with Rotavirus infection?

Answer 68

Thinning of the intestinal mucosa

Question 69

How is Rotavirus infection diagnosed?

Answer 69

Antigen ELISA, IHC, PRC for porcine A, B, and C

Question 70

How is rotavirus prevented?

Answer 70

MLV oral vaccine for calves and vaccination in cows

Question 71

How do you treat a Rotavirus infection?

Answer 71

Fluids and control/treatment of secondary invaders

Question 72

How is coronavirus (cue Cardi B.) spread?

Answer 72

Via fecal-oral and a respiratory route

Question 73

Where does coronavirus attack?

Answer 73

Both the small and large intestine

Question 74

How may calves present with coronavirus infection?

Answer 74

Straining and passage of blood or mucus

Question 75

How is coronavirus prevented?

Answer 75

Sanitation and vaccination (questionable benefit)

Question 76

What Crypto species affects calves?

Answer 76

C. parvum

Question 77

Where does crypto multiply?

Answer 77

In enterocytes of the distal small intestine and large intestine

Question 78

T/F - Crypto is capable of auto-infecting its host

Answer 78

True

Question 79

T/F - Crypto is immediately infective

Answer 79

True

Question 80

What causes diarrhea in crypto cases?

Answer 80

Milk is not digested properly, ferments in the gut which leads to diarrhea

Question 81

What clinical signs are associated with Crypto?

Answer 81

Foamy to watery diarrhea +/- milk, +/- blood, +/- mucus, +/- bile

Question 82

How is crypto prevented?

Answer 82

Sanitation; vaccines are under investigation

Question 83

What is the treatment for crypto?

Answer 83

There is no FDA approved treatment for crypto - there is an equine EPM drug (Ponazuril) that could be used but it is not intended for food

Question 84

What are the main agents of coccidiosis?

Answer 84

Eimeria bovis and E. zuernii

Question 85

What predisposing/precipitating factors can make calves and yearlings susceptible to coccidiosis?

Answer 85

Crowding, poor environmental conditions, and wet weather

Question 86

Feedlot cattle get coccidiosis (seasonally/not seasonally) whereas housed calves get coccidiosis (seasonally/not seasonally).

Answer 86

seasonally (Jan-Mar); not seasonally

Question 87

What cells does coccidiosis attack?

Answer 87

epithelium of the large intestine

Question 88

What GI clinical signs are associated with coccidiosis?

Answer 88

Blood in the feces, diarrhea, and tenesmus

Question 89

What CNS clinical signs are associated with coccidiosis?

Answer 89

Ataxia, depression, recumbency | Opisthotonos, hyperesthesia, tremors, frothing at the mouth, bellowing, convulsions

Question 90

How is coccidiosis diagnosed?

Answer 90

Clinical signs, rule out other causes, and demonstrate organism in feces with an acid fast stain

Question 91

How is coccidiosis controlled?

Answer 91

Sanitation (avoid fecal contamination), isolate clinically affected animals and treat, and reduce stocking density

Question 92

How is coccidiosis prevented?

Answer 92

Coccidiostats are routinely added to feed

Question 93

What coccidiostats are used to prevent coccidiosis?

Answer 93

Rumensin, Bovatec, Decoquinate

Question 94

How is coccidiosis treated?

Answer 94

Amprolium for 5 days Sulfaquinoxaline 3-5 days: feedlot Sulfamethazine 5 days

Question 95

What are some other causes of neonatal diarrhea?

Answer 95

BVD, caliciviruses, bredavirus, and giardia