Unit 2 - Small Ruminant Pizzle Rot to Enterotoxemia

Question 1

What is water belly?

Answer 1

Urolithiasis

Question 2

What causes urolithiasis?

Answer 2

High phosphorus in the diet

Question 3

What should the Ca:P ratio be in small ruminants?

Answer 3

2:1

Question 4

How do you prevent urolithiasis?

Answer 4

Balance rations, feed ammonium chloride, provide free choice salt, and ample fresh clean water

Question 5

What is pizzle rot?

Answer 5

Ulcerative posthitis

Question 6

What causes pizzle rot?

Answer 6

excessive protein in the diet and the presence of Corynebacterium renale

Question 7

What does C. renale do?

Answer 7

It breaks down urea in urine to ammonia which irritates the mucous membranes of the prepuce

Question 8

What lesions are associated with pizzle rot?

Answer 8

Erosions, ulcers, necrosis, crust formation, and constriction/phimosis resulting in the inability to urinate

Question 9

How is Ulcerative posthitis prevented?

Answer 9

Reduce protein in the diet

Remove wool or hair from the preputial area

Question 10

How is ulcerative posthitis treated?

Answer 10

Topical treatment of the lesions and surgical drainage of the lesions

Question 11

What causes Bluetongue?

Answer 11

Orbivirus (many different serotypes)

Question 12

What species can harbor orbivirus?

Answer 12

Deer and cattle

Question 13

What transmits Bluetongue?

Answer 13

Culicoides (midges)

It can also be transmitted via semen and from the dam to the fetus

Question 14

In what season does Bluetongue typically occur?

Answer 14

Mid-summer or later months

Question 15

T/F: Suckling lambs are protected from Bluetongue by their colostral immunity in endemic areas

Answer 15

True

Question 16

What small ruminant population gets severe disease from Bluetongue?

Answer 16

Feeder lambs

Question 17

What does Bluetongue cause in pregnant ewes?

Answer 17

It may cause abortion at 4-8 weeks of gestation, hydrancephaly, or congenital deformities

Question 18

What clinical signs does Bluetongue in feeder lambs?

Answer 18

High fever for 6-10 days
Hyperemic or cyanotic mucous membranes of the mouth, skin of the face and feet
Vascular damage
Erosions on mucous membranes of the mouth after 48 hours of fever
Profound depression, anorexia, and weight loss
Edema
Lameness or stiffness

Question 19

What causes epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer?

Answer 19

Orbivirus

Question 20

How is Bluetongue diagnosed?

Answer 20

Clinical signs, several serologic tests, and virus isolation

Question 21

How is Bluetongue prevented and controlled?

Answer 21

Vaccination (MLV)

Question 22

What population of small ruminants should not be vaccinated against Bluetongue?

Answer 22

Pregnant ewes

Question 23

When should vaccination against Bluetongue be done?

Answer 23

after shearing because it can cause wool break

Question 24

What is one of the ‘big five’ causes of sheep abortions? When does it (the abortion) happen?

Answer 24

Listeriosis in the last trimester

Question 25

What other clinical manifestations does Listeriosis cause in small ruminants?

Answer 25

Circling disease | Septicemic

Question 26

How does the circling disease caused by Listeriosis present?

Answer 26

Unilateral facial paralysis Roughage hanging out the side of the mouth Will move back to same position if moved

Question 27

Where is Listeriosis found?

Answer 27

Plant material and soil Silage with a pH greater than 5 High ash content Other forms of spoiled roughage

Question 28

How is Listeriosis diagnosed?

Answer 28

Abortion - culture/histopath CNS - CS/culture/histopath Septicemic - culture

Question 29

How is listeriosis prevented?

Answer 29

Prevent contamination of feed

Question 30

What differential diagnosis should be considered with listeriosis?

Answer 30

Polioencephalomalacia

Question 31

What can cause polioencephalomalacia?

Answer 31

High grain diets, high sulfur diets, corn, sugar beet, and sugarcane by-products

Question 32

How is polioencephalomalacia treated?

Answer 32

Injectable thiamine

Question 33

What is the most likely cause of focal symmetrical encephalomalacia?

Answer 33

Clostridium perfringens type D

Question 34

Most focal symmetrical encephalomalacia outbreaks occur in conjunction with what?

Answer 34

Enterotoxemia in lambs

Question 35

What are the differential diagnoses for focal symmetrical encephalomalacia?

Answer 35

Brain abscesses, tetanus, strychnine, hypomagnesemia, and rabies

Question 36

When should ewes be immunized against tetanus?

Answer 36

at least 2-weeks prepartum

Question 37

How many times should lambs be vaccinated against tetanus and with what?

Answer 37

2x with CDT (C. perfringens type C and D and C. tetani)

Question 38

What are the reasons for tail docking?

Answer 38

Fly strike and for looks

Question 39

What happens if tails are too short after tail docking?

Answer 39

Nerve damage predisposes to rectal prolapse

Question 40

Where should a lambs tail be docked?

Answer 40

At the distal end of the caudal tail fold

Question 41

What are some reasons for/against castration?

Answer 41

Ethnic markets - some prefer intact males Commercial - lower price for intact males Growth rate - slows when they reach sexual maturity during breeding season Safety

Question 42

How do ruminants with strychnine poisoning present?

Answer 42

Animals are hyperexcitable and rapidly develop spastic convulsions and die in a few hours

Question 43

What is hypomagnesemia also known as in small ruminants?

Answer 43

Grass tetany or grass staggers

Question 44

What clinical signs does hypomagnesemia cause?

Answer 44

Muscular spasms, convulsions, respiratory distress, collapse, and death

Question 45

How is hypomagnesemia treated?

Answer 45

With Mg salts

Question 46

What is the primary agent in small ruminant contagious foot rot? Other agents?

Answer 46

Primary: Dichelobacter nodosus | Other - Fusobacterium necrophorum, Trueperella pyogenes

Question 47

In what season is ovine foot rot transmitted?

Answer 47

Wet/warm season - 50-70 degrees F

Question 48

How is ovine foot rot treated in the US?

Answer 48

Parenteral abx or culling

Question 49

How is ovine foot rot prevented in the US?

Answer 49

Routine hoof trimming and footbaths (zinc sulfate)

Question 50

Describe the Australian Eradication Program for footrot.

Answer 50

Control disease as much as possible during wet and warm season Do not treat during dry season/season of no transmission After 10-12 weeks, inspect every hoof and cull affected sheep Repeat inspection and culling every 4 weeks Surveillance - cull any lame sheep

Question 51

T/F: Contagious pustular dermaitis, soremouth, Orf, and Ecthyma are all different diseases caused by the same virus; Parapoxvirus

Answer 51

False - They are all the same thing caused by 6 different strains of parapoxvirus

Question 52

T/F: Orf is readily transmitted to lambs and can transmit to the teats of the ewes from lambs,

Answer 52

True

Question 53

T/F: Orf is zoonotic.

Answer 53

True

Question 54

How is Orf vaccinated against?

Answer 54

Vaccination by scarification - take the vaccine and scratch the animal with it

Question 55

Make sure all Orf lambs are infected (before/after) weaning.

Answer 55

after

Question 56

What is the etiologic agent of caseous lymphadenitis?

Answer 56

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis subsp. ovis

Question 57

What are the two routes of infection of caseous lymphadenitis?

Answer 57

Traumatic introduction | Inhalation and invasion through damaged buccal mucosa

Question 58

What lesions are associated with caseous lymphadenitis?

Answer 58

Abscessation of the lymphoid tissue, lungs, liver, kidneys, and other sites

Question 59

How is caseous lymphadenitis prevented?

Answer 59

Sanitation Minimize wounds and disinfect when they occur Immunize Chlortetracycline in the feed

Question 60

How is caseous lymphadenitis treated?

Answer 60

Antibiotics - not really effective | Surgical removal

Question 61

T/F: Injecting formaldehyde into superficial abscesses is FDA approved

Answer 61

No

Question 62

A feeder lamb found dead without prior clinical signs is considered to have died from _________ until proven otherwise.

Answer 62

enterotoxemia

Question 63

What population of small ruminants is enterotoxemia common in?

Answer 63

Almost always feeder lambs being fed high levels of concentrates - they are the best doing lambs typically

Question 64

What causes Enterotoxemia?

Answer 64

C. perfringens type D

Question 65

What toxin causes enterotoxemia?

Answer 65

Epsilon toxin

Question 66

What does epsilon toxin act on?

Answer 66

Vascular endothelium

Question 67

What does enterotoxemia cause (general)?

Answer 67

Edema and occasionally hemorrhage in affected tissues - brain is most sensitive

Question 68

What clinical signs are associated with enterotoxemia?

Answer 68

Usually found dead If alive - CNS signs predominate, stargazing, opisthotonos, circling, depression, stumbling, convulsions, recumbency, and rapid death

Question 69

What lesions does enterotoxemia cause?

Answer 69

``` Focal symmetrical encephalomalacia Pulmonary edema Serous effusions Hemorrhages of the meninges, small intestine, endocardial, and subendocardial around the mitral valve May have a colitis ```

Question 70

How is enterotoxemia prevented?

Answer 70

Vaccinate with CDT 2x prior to placing on full feed Good feedbunk management Creep feeding Feeding Iasalocid

Question 71

How is enterotoxemia treated?

Answer 71

There really is no treatment once clinical signs appear