Unit 2 - Feet, Skin, Tick-Borne (Basically the misfits he threw in)

Question 1

What is the etiologic agent of Blackleg?

Answer 1

Clostridium chauvoei

Question 2

At what age does Blackleg typically occur?

Answer 2

6 months - 2 years

Question 3

In what season in Blackleg common?

Answer 3

Summer and fall

Question 4

What clinical signs are associated with Blackleg?

Answer 4

Crepitation, acute onset, lameness, depression, fever that transitions to normal-subnotmal body temperature

Question 5

What lesions does Blackleg cause?

Answer 5

Acute myonecrosis with gas formation

May only have necrosis of the myocardium and diaphragm

Question 6

How is Blackleg diagnosed?

Answer 6

Usually with clinical signs and lesions

Question 7

What do you do during a Blackleg outbreak?

Answer 7

Immunize and treat

Question 8

How do you treat Blackleg?

Answer 8

Local and systemic antibiotics but they are not very successful

Question 9

Aside from during an outbreak, when do you immunize against Blackleg?

Answer 9

Vaccinate 2x two weeks apart between 2-6 months of age
Booster the yearlings
Every 5 years in cows is ok

Question 10

Where does the Blackleg vaccination go?

Answer 10

Subcutaneous in the neck area

Question 11

What are the etiologic agents of bovine footrot?

Answer 11

Fusobacterium necrophorum and Porphyromonas levii

Question 12

Acute epizootics footrot occurs in what weather?

Answer 12

dry weather

Question 13

What environmental/housing/management conditions is associated with the enzootic form of bovine footrot?

Answer 13

Wet weather/facilities, stones, coarse stubble, frozen mud, poor hoof care, and founder

Question 14

What differentials should be considered with bovine footrot?

Answer 14

Wires, nails, thorns
Rough  flooring
Working cattle on concrete floors
Fractures
Bluetongue, mycoplasma, H. somni, and other diseases that can cause lameness
Corns, warts, and granulomas
Hairy heel warts (digital dermatitis)

Question 15

How is bovine footrot prevented?

Answer 15

Improve housing or pasture conditions
Inorganic iodide
Zinc methionate as a continuous medication
Tetracycline in feed (approved)

Question 16

How is footrot treated?

Answer 16

Prompt treatment is critical
Clean foot and remove necrotic debris
Treat topically
Antibiotics
Footbaths

Question 17

What is Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis also known as?

Answer 17

Hairy Heel Warts

Question 18

What is the etiologic agent of Hairy Heel Warts?

Answer 18

Treponema species

Question 19

What are the predisposing factors for Hairy Heel Warts?

Answer 19

Mud and manure, wet conditions, and trauma

Question 20

How is Hairy Heel Warts treated?

Answer 20

Topical tetracycline or lincomycin

Cover with some type of bandage or boot for <3 days

Question 21

Why are relapses of Hairy Heel Warts common?

Answer 21

Predisposing conditions are often not changed and the organisms are still present on the farm

Question 22

Is there a vaccination for Hairy Heel Warts?

Answer 22

Yes - it may provide partial protection

Question 23

What are the etiologic agents of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK)?

Answer 23

Mycoplasma bovoculi
Moraxella bovis
Moraxella bovoculi

Question 24

What allows for colonization of the etiologic agents of IBK?

Answer 24

Initial damage to conjunctiva and cornea - bright sunlight, dust, flies, and long stemmy pasture grass and weeds

Question 25

How is IBK prevented and controlled?

Answer 25

``` Cutting long stemmy pastures Fly control Allow cattle access to shade or building Immunization with fimbrial bacterins Avoid introduction of new animals during pinkeye season Avoid excessive inbreeding ```

Question 26

How do you treat IBK?

Answer 26

``` Parenteral and topical antibiotics Corticosteroids Subconjunctival injection of antibiotic and steroid (not AMDUCA approved) Suturing eyelids closed Eye patch ```

Question 27

What causes lymphosarcoma in cattle?

Answer 27

Bovine leukemia virus

Question 28

When does infection of BLV usually occur?

Answer 28

Before 3 years of age

Question 29

How is BLV transmitted?

Answer 29

By any method that transfers lymphocytes - dehorning, castration, bleeding, insects, semen, and embryo transfer Transplacental transmission occurs in about 20% of calves born to infected dams

Question 30

What clinical disease does BLV cause?

Answer 30

Enlarged lymph nodes anywhere in the body Compression or displacement of other tissues Persistent lymphocytosis

Question 31

When does lymphosarcoma clinical disease typically present?

Answer 31

5-8 years old - they are over 2 years of age

Question 32

What clinical signs is associated with the subacute form of lymphosarcoma?

Answer 32

Anemia, anorexia, weakness, and death

Question 33

What clinical signs/lesions are associated with the peracute form of lymphosarcoma?

Answer 33

Adrenal involvement, abomasal ulcers, and splenic rupture

Question 34

How is lymphosarcoma diagnosed?

Answer 34

AGID for antibodies to p24 or gp60 PCR for provirus DNA Lymphocyte counts

Question 35

What do you need to differentiate BLV lymphosarcoma from?

Answer 35

Other forms of lymphosarcoma that occur in younger cattle and calves

Question 36

What has to be done to establish a BLV clean herd?

Answer 36

Test all animals and cull positives if economically feasibe

Question 37

If herd incidence is high, how is BLV controlled?

Answer 37

``` Segregate positives from negatives Don't re-use needles or syringes Prevent all blood transfer Separate calves from cows at birth and rear separately Feed pasteurized colostrum and milk AI all cows Disinfect or use OB sleeve on every cow ```

Question 38

What is the etiologic agent of Heartwater disease?

Answer 38

Ehrlichia ruminantium

Question 39

What can transmit Ehrlichia ruminantum?

Answer 39

Amblyomma ticks

Question 40

What species are susceptible to Heartwater diseasE?

Answer 40

Cattle, sheep, goats, and other ruminants | Deer are highly susceptible

Question 41

What species may be subclinical carriers for Heartwater?

Answer 41

Wildebeests

Question 42

What does Ehlrichia attack?

Answer 42

vascular endothelium

Question 43

What lesions/clinical disease does Heartwater cause?

Answer 43

Pneumonia, hydropericardium, and hydrothorax

Question 44

What is the case fatality rate of Heartwater?

Answer 44

Virtually 100%

Question 45

How is Heartwater prevented?

Answer 45

Tick control and quarantine in the face of an outbreak

Question 46

Is Heartwater disease an issue in the US?

Answer 46

No

Question 47

What is the etiologic agent of Q-fever?

Answer 47

Coxiella burnetii

Question 48

T/F: Q-fever causes subclinical disease in cows and there is a concern for transmission of it to humans.

Answer 48

True

Question 49

What causes Rift Valley Fever?

Answer 49

Bunya virus

Question 50

What species are resistant to Rift Valley Fever?

Answer 50

Birds and swine

Question 51

How is Rift Valley Fever transmitted?

Answer 51

By mosquitoes and midges | It can transmit through broken skin and mucosae if handling infectious materials

Question 52

What clinical signs do ruminants show that have Rift Valley Fever?

Answer 52

Fever, vomiting, and acute hepatitis Recurring epizootics of abortions 20% mortality in adults 100% mortality in the young

Question 53

What clinical signs does Rift Valley Fever cause in other (non-ruminant) species?

Answer 53

Fever, hepatitis, and leukopenia

Question 54

What is the best method for control of Rift Valley Fever?

Answer 54

Immunization of animals is the best

Question 55

What is the etiologic agent of Lumpy Skin Disease?

Answer 55

Capripoxvirus

Question 56

What lesion does Lumpy Skin Disease cause?

Answer 56

Multiple granulomatous skin nodules

Question 57

What are the etiologic agents of Texas Cattle Fever?

Answer 57

Babesia bovis or Babesia bigemina

Question 58

What transmits Texas Cattle Fever?

Answer 58

Rhipicephalus microplus and Rhipicephalus annulatus

Question 59

What age of cattle has the most severe clinical presentation with Texas Cattle Fever?

Answer 59

Yearlings and adults

Question 60

What clinical signs are associated with Texas Cattle Fever?

Answer 60

High fever Severe anemia - hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria Jaundice in subate cases

Question 61

How is Texas Cattle Fever controlled?

Answer 61

Repeated insecticide dipping of tick-infested cattle had been the main method of control

Question 62

What is the etiologic agent of East Coast Fever?

Answer 62

Theileria parva

Question 63

What transmits Theileria parva?

Answer 63

Rhipicephalus sp.

Question 64

What species are susceptible to East Coast Fever?

Answer 64

Cattle and Indian water buffalo

Question 65

What clinical signs are associated with East Coast Fever?

Answer 65

Fever, enlarged lymph nodes, diarrhea, frothy nasal discharge, corneal opacity, and death in 18-30 days

Question 66

What lesions does East Coast Fever cause?

Answer 66

Hemorrhagic, hyperemic, or edematous lymph nodes Severe pulmonary edema Ulceration and hemorrhage in the entire GI tract is common Hepatomegally, splenomegally Myocardial degeneration

Question 67

How are cattle immunized against East Coast Fever?

Answer 67

Theileria sporozoites are administered to the cattle Simultaneous administration of long-acting OxyTet is given They have an asymptomatic or mild disease episode and then they develop life-long immunity

Question 68

What are the incubator areas for Bacillus anthracis?

Answer 68

Regions where there is soil with high N and where there is alternate flooding and drying

Question 69

What does Bacillus anthracis cause in Cattle and Sheep?

Answer 69

Acute to peracute septicemia and toxemia and death

Question 70

What does Bacillus anthracis cause in horses?

Answer 70

Colic, edema of the head, neck, and shoulders

Question 71

What does Bacillus anthracis cause in swine, dogs, and cats?

Answer 71

Lesions localized to the pharyngeal area

Question 72

What clinical disease does Bacillus anthracis cause in humans?

Answer 72

Malignant carbuncle, gastroenteritis, and respiratory infection

Question 73

What should you not do if anthrax is a suspected cause of death?

Answer 73

You should not open the carcass

Question 74

How is anthrax diagnosed?

Answer 74

Take an ear slice and do an impression smear | Culture - typical colonies, penicillin susceptibility

Question 75

T/F: Immunity is life long if an anthrax infected host survives.

Answer 75

True

Question 76

What immunizing agents are available for anthrax?

Answer 76

Animals - modified live and acapsular | Humans - killed strain

Question 77

How is anthrax treated?

Answer 77

Penicillin or tetracycline in animals | Ciprofloxacin in humans

Question 78

How is spread of anthrax controlled?

Answer 78

Burning or deep burial of infected carcasses