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Unit 4 - Equine Respiratory Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the common causes of infectious respiratory disease in neonates (<2 mo)?

A

Contaminated amnion/meconium aspiration
EHV-1/EHV-4
Influenza
EVAV

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2
Q

What is the less common cause of infectious respiratory disease in neonates (<2 mo)?

A

Adenovirus

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3
Q

What are the infectious causes of respiratory disease in older foals (>2 mo)?

A

Rhodococcus equi

ERAV/ERBV

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4
Q

What are the non-infectious causes of respiratory disease in foals?

A

Pre-maturity/dysmaturity
Guttural pouch tympany
Congenital defects - choanal atresia

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5
Q

What are the common infectious causes of respiratory disease in adults?

A 
EHV-1/EHV-4
Influenza
ERAV/ERBV
EVAV
Streptococcus equi ss equi
Aspiration
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6
Q

What are the less common infectious causes of respiratory disease in adults?

A

Sinusitis
EHV-5
Fungal infections
Lungworms

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7
Q

What respiratory FAD occur in adults?

A

African horse sickness
Glanders
Hendra

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8
Q

What are the non-infectious causes of respiratory disease in adults?

A 
EIPH
RAO/IAD
DDSP
Neoplasia
Pulmonary edema
Nasopharyngeal cicatrix
Toxin-associated interstitial pneumonia
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Acute hypersensitivities/adverse drug reactions
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9
Q

What is bronchopneumonia associated with in foals?

A

Aspiration of contaminated amniotic fluid or meconium aspiration
Hematogenous spread via sepsis

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10
Q

What are the common agents of bronchopneumonia in foals?

A

E. coli, Klebsiella, Pasteurella, Actinobacillus

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11
Q

What is bronchopneumonia in adults associated with?

A

Aspiration of upper respiratory or GI flora

Long distance transport, stress, and recent viral infection

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12
Q

What are the common agents of bronchopneumonia in adults?

A

Streptococcus equi ss zooepidemicus, Pasteurella, Actinobacillus

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13
Q

What may bronchopneumonia progress to in adults?

A

Pleuropneumonia

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14
Q

What agents are associated with pleuropneumonia in adults?

A

Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium

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15
Q

What clinical signs are associated with bronchopneumonia?

A

Anorexia, fever, cough, depression, tachypnea, dyspnea, abnormal lung sounds, nasal discharge, weight loss, and pleural pain

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16
Q

What CBC abnormalities are associated with bronchopneumonia?

A

Leukocytosis, neutrophilia, hyperfibrinogenemia

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17
Q

How is bronchopneumonia diagnosed?

A

radiographs, U/S, and culture (TTW ideal)

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18
Q

How is bronchopneumonia treated?

A

Antibiotics - broad spectrum

NSAIDs

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19
Q

How is pleuropneumonia treated?

A

Pleural drainage, thoracotomy

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20
Q

What is the etiologic agent of rhinopneumonitis?

A

EHV1 and 4

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21
Q

How is rhinopneumonitis transmitted?

A

Inhalation (droplet/aerosol)

Occasional transmitted in utero

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22
Q

What clinical signs are associated with rhinopneumonitis?

A

Primarily respiratory syndrome (subclinical to mild) - mild fever, serous nasal discharge, depression

Also causes abortions and neurologic disease

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23
Q

When can there be severe disease associated with rhinopneumonitis?

A

Severe disease when secondary infection with bacteria occurs or when foals are infected at birth

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24
Q

How is rhinopneumonitis diagnosed?

A

PCR, virus isolation, FA on tissues, paired sera

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25
How is rhinopneumonitis treated?
No specific treatment - typically self-limiting | Monitor for secondary bacterial infections
26
How is rhinopneumonitis prevented and controlled?
Prevent introduction of new virus strains | Vaccination
27
T/F: The Rhino/flu vaccine provides short lived immunity that is not completely protective.
True
28
What is the etiologic agent of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF)?
Equine herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5)
29
What do we currently know about the epidemiology of EMPF?
It is a disease of middle to older age horses | Everything else is unknown
30
What clinical signs are associated with EMPF?
Chronic progressive respiratory signs | Tachypnea, increased respiratory effort, dyspnea, intermittent fever and cough, weight loss
31
How is EMPF diagnosed?
Failure to respond to bronchodilators, antimicrobial therapy Ultrasound and radiographic lesions PCR
32
How is EMPF treated?
There is generally a poor response to treatment
33
What is the etiologic agent of rhinitis?
Equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) | Equine rhinitis B virus (ERBV)
34
How is rhinitis transmitted?
Via respiratory secretions
35
What does infection of ERAV and ERBV result in (not rhinitis)?
Viremia with long-term fecal and urinary shedding
36
What are the clinical signs of ERAV infection?
Fever, anorexia, nasal discharge, coughing, pharyngitis, and swelling of the lymph nodes in the head and neck
37
What are the clinical signs of ERBV infection?
Mild - pharyngitis, respiratory signs, and depressed appeitte
38
Clinical signs caused by ERAV and ERBV is usually limited to how long?
2-3 days
39
How is rhinitis diagnosed?
PCR | Virus isolation
40
How is rhinitis treated?
No specific treatment, respiratory disease is typically self-limiting Monitor for secondary bacterial infections
41
How is rhinitis prevented and controlled?
Prevent introduction of new virus strains | Vaccination
42
What is the lineage of Influenza virus that affects equine in the US?
Influenza A -> A/Equi 2 (H3N8) -> American lineage -> Florida clade (1 and 2)
43
T/F: Influenza is not endemic in the horse population and is in fact rare.
False - it is endemic
44
How is influenza transmitted?
Respiratory route - fomite, droplet, aerosol
45
Rapid spread of influenza is associated with what?
Outbreaks in naiive populations
46
What clinical signs are associated with influenza?
Fever, anorexia, depression Harsh dry cough Serous nasal discharge and lymphadenopathy Conjunctivitis, corneal clouding
47
What age group of animals are most often affected by infleunza?
young animals > older
48
How is influenza diagnosed?
PCR, rapid ELISA, virus isolation and HI, and paired serum samples
49
How is influenza treated?
No specific treatment - usually self limiting | Monitor for secondary bacterial infections
50
How is influenza prevented and controlled?
quarantine clinical cases | Vaccination
51
What is the vaccination protocol for influenza?
Vaccinate based on risk - revaccinate at 6-12 month intervals based on this
52
What are the recommendations for the contents of the influenza vaccines?
They should contain both clade 1 and clade 2 viruses of the Florida sublineage
53
What is the etiology of equine viral arteritis?
Equine viral arteritis virus
54
Equine viral arteritis is an important differential for ______ respiratory disease.
Acute
55
What non respiratory signs are associated with equine viral arteritis?
Conjunctivitis, keratitis, palpebral edema, edema in the ventral and distal regions, weakness, loss of weight, and dehydraton
56
How is equine viral arteritis transmitted?
Either via respiratory secretions or venereal
57
Rhodococcus equi is a gram _____, facultative intracellular parasite.
positive
58
Where does R. equi live?
In the soil
59
Where can R. equi be found in asymptomatic young and adult horses?
In the intestinal tract and feces
60
How is R. equi transmitted?
Via inhalation of contaminated dust
61
What gene is important to the pathology of R. equi?
The vap A gene
62
What age group is commonly affected by R. equi?
Foals between 2-6 months of age
63
What clinical signs are associated with R. equi?
Respiratory disease predominates - cough, low grade fever initially, +/- mucopurulent nasal discharge, remain BAR until severe lung compromise
64
T/F: Subclinical R. equi infection is common.
True
65
How is R. equi definitively diagnosed?
TTW - culture or PCR
66
What can be used for a presumptive/subclinical diagnosis of R. equi?
Regular screening with ultrasound | Radiographs for clinical disease
67
How is R. equi treated?
Most subclinical will spontaneously resolve | When warranted - extended therapy for 2-12 weeks
68
How is R. equi prevented and controlled?
``` Dust reduction, rotating paddocks/pastures, move foals out of problem facilities Close monitoring via ultrasound Vaccination Hyperimmune plasma Chemoprophylaxis ```
69
T/F: There are 2 commercially available vaccines for R. equi available in the US right now.
False - that is Europe. There are none in the US
70
What is the etiologic agent of strangles?
Streptococcus equi ss equi
71
T/F: Strangles is highly contagious.
True
72
How is Strangles transmitted?
Via ingestion or inhalation of bacteria from lymph node discharge or respiratory secretions or contact with contaminated fomites
73
How does S. equi enter the system?
Via mucosa or tonsils
74
Convalescent S. equi carriers shed for how long?
>4 weeks
75
Chronic carriers of S. equi result in what?
guttural pouch infections
76
What is the first clinical sign associated with strangles?
Sudden onset of fever followed by mucopurulent nasal discharge and inappetence
77
What clinical signs follow sudden onset of fever with strangles?
Acute swelling of the submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes resulting in abscess formation
78
What are the rare sequelae of strangles?
Bastard strangles - metastatic abscessation Purpura hemorrhagica Myositis
79
How are acute cases of strangles diagnosed?
Presumptive diagnosis based on clinical signs | Definitive with culture or PCR
80
How are chronic strangles carriers diagnosed?
Culture or PCR of a guttural pouch wash
81
What does serology for SeM protein titers detect?
Previous infection
82
What does serology for SeM diagnose?
Bastard strangles and purpura hemorrhagica
83
What is serology for SeM protein titers used to determine?
the need for vaccination
84
What is the first step in the treatment of strangles?
Isolate to prevent spread
85
How are uncomplicated acute cases of strangles treated?
Supportive care only - soft feeds, hot pack, and drain abscesses
86
When is antibiotic therapy for treatment of strangles indicated?
In cases of bastard strangles
87
How are cases of purpura hemorrhagica treated?
Steroids
88
How are chronic carriers of strangles treated?
Flush the guttural pouches and topical and systemic antimicrobials
89
Generally, how is strangles prevented and controlled?
Quarantine all new arrivals for 3 weeks | Vaccination
90
How is strangles prevented and controlled in outbreak situations?
Quarantine premise for 3 weeks past the last clinical case Monitor twice daily for fever Separate feed and equipment for suspect cases Chore from clean to dirty Guttural pouch testing following outbreak to ID carriers
91
What are the most common organisms associated with guttural pouch infections?
S. equi, S. zoopidemicus Aspergillus or other fungi are found
92
Guttural pouch infections can be due to failure of what?
Normal drainage
93
Guttural pouch infections are common sequelae to what?
Strangles
94
When can guttural pouch infections be fatal?
If corrosion into the internal carotid or branches of the external carotid artery occurs
95
What clinical signs are associated with guttural pouch infections?
Persistent mucopurulent drainage Epistaxis due to damaged blood vessels Damage to cranial nerves - dysphagia and facial nerve paralysis
96
How are guttural pouch infections diagnosed?
Endoscopy and culture +/- PCR
97
How are bacterial guttural pouch infections treated?
Flushing and antibiotics
98
How are fungal guttural pouch infections treated?
Flushing Topical and systemic antifungal agents May need to occlude the carotid artery proximal and distal to any lesions

LA Infectious Disease (33 decks)

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