Unit 3 - Swine Reproductive Diseases Flashcards by Jessica Carson

What diseases/agents can result in decreased reproductive performance?

Brucellosis
Leptospirosis
Pseudorabies
Influenza
Parvovirus
SMEDI (old term)
EMC
Eperythrozoonosis
Arcobacter
HEV
Blue eye
Chlamydia
PRRS
PCV2
Mycotoxins
Streps

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What is pseudorabies?

A disease of reproductive failure in breeding swine, CNS disease in suckling pigs or respiratory disease in older swine

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What type of virus causes pseudorabies?

An alpha herpesvirus

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What seems to be the most important for induction of immunity to pseudorabies?

Glycoproteins - GII, GIII, gp50

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What is the primary means of transmission of pseudorabies?

Through introduction of actively shedding or latently infected pigs

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What improves survivability of pseudorabies?

Cold, moist conditions - up to a month

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What animals are dead end hosts but can play a role in transmission of pseudorabies?

Dogs, cats, rodents, and raccoons

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Once in a herd, how does pseudorabies spread?

Direct contact, inhalation, ingestion, breeding, and transplacentally

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What clinical signs does pseudorabies cause in neonatal pigs?

High fever, CNS signs (trembling, incoordination, dog-sitting due to posterior paralysis, head tilt, ataxia, paddling, etc.) and sometimes vomiting and diarrhea

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Mortality is usually ____% in pseudorabies affected neonates.

100%

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What clinical signs does pseudorabies cause in weaners?

Respiratory signs primarily in the older pigs in this age group
CNS signs primarily in the younger pigs in this age group
Marked depression and sneezing
Nasal discharge and coughing
Stunted growth

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What clinical signs does pseudorabies cause in grow-finishers?

Predominantly respiratory signs
Temps of 105-107 F
May take a week or two longer to reach finishing weight

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What clinical signs does pseudorabies cause in sows?

1st trimester - abortion and return to estrus
2nd or 3rd trimester - Abortion, stillborn, or weakborn pigs
USUALLY NO MUMMIES

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What other species are affected by pseudorabies?

Cows - intense pruritus and die
Sheep
Dogs - self mutilation

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How is pseudorabies diagnosed?

Clinical signs and herd history
FA test 
Virus isolation - older swine
Serodiagnosis - ELISA
\+/- Lesions
Histopath - formalin fixed

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What lesions are associated with pseudorabies?

Note: These are not consistently present

Serous to fibrinonecrotic rhinitis and
tracheitis, necrotic tonsillitis, swollen and hemorrhagic lymph nodes of the oral cavity
and upper respiratory tract
Lower respiratory tract lesions may range from scattered
“blotchy” hemorrhages to areas of necrosis.
Keratoconjunctivitis
Focal necrosis of the liver and spleen

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How is pseudorabies prevented?

Vaccination - very controversial

Gene deletion vaccines

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T/F: Pseudorabies is no longer found in Iowa.

True

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T/F: Reproductive problems are the only clinical manifestations of parvovirus infection in
swine.

True

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Where does parvovirus reproduce?

in the intestine

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How is parvovirus transmitted?

Boar semen

Transplacentally

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Reproductive failure occurs when an infection of parvovirus happens when?

Following conception and before development of immunocompetence in the fetus

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If dams are infected with parvovirus between 0 and 30-35 days of gestation what can happen?

Repeat breeders
pseudopregnancies
Small litters

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If dams are infected with parvovirus between 30-35 and 65-70 days of gestation, what can happen?

Mummies

Increased stillborns

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If dams are infected with parvovirus between 65-70 days of gestation and parturition what can happen as a result?

Normal litters

How is parvovirus diagnosed?

Clinical signs - highly suggestive IHC or FA test Serology - when fetuses are not available

How is parvovirus prevented?

Natural infection prior to breeding | Vaccination - killed products

Teschen and Taflan disease (both cause polioencephalomyelitis) are caused by what?

Teshoviruses which are picornaviruses

What is Teschen disease characterized by?

CNS disease and a high mortality

What is Talfan disease characterized by?

Benign enzootic paresis and rarely progresses to paralysis

How is polioencephalomyelitis diagnosed?

Based on isolation of the virus or demonstration of the viral antigen in pigs showing early nervous signs

What is SMEDI?

An old term that was coined to describe a group of enteroviruses implicated in stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility

How is SMEDI diagnosed?

Finding viral antigen in fetus

What is the major etiologic agent of leptospirosis in swine?

Leptospira interrogans servoar pomona

What are the only Leptospira serovars that produce clinical disease in swine?

pomona and sejroe

What is the most common Leptospira serovar found in swine?

L. bratislava

How does leptospira transmission occur?

Through breaks in the skin, direct penetration of mucous membranes or through conjunctiva

Where do Leptospira organisms survive? Shed?

Survive - proximal convoluted tubule | Shed - in urine

T/F: Leptospira spp. are not very hardy and only survive in the environment for a few hours

false - they hardy AF

What clinical signs are associated with leptospirosis?

Most show no signs Last half of gestation - abortions, stillbirths, neonatal deaths Premature births and short survival Fetal infection

When do abortions and stillbirths usually occur in relation to dam Leptospira infection?

1-4 weeks post infection

How is leptospirosis diagnosed?

Culture Serology - MAT (1:100 titer or greater) PCR RFLP patterns

How is leptospirosis prevented and controlled?

Maintain a clean environment without standing water Segregate infected animals Immunization (gilts 2 doses prior to breeding) Keep other animals away

How is leptospirosis treated?

Tetracyclines and tylocin

In the US, swine brucellosis is essentially confined where?

In the states that have feral swine

What is the etiologic agent of brucellosis in the US?

Brucella suis biovars 1 and 3

How is B. suis transmited?

Venereally - can be readily transmitted by ingestion

In what conditions does B. suis survive?

Frozen conditions - 2 years | It is killed by sunlight and disinfectants

What clinical signs are associated with brucellosis?

The majority of herds may have no clinical signs Boars may have orchitis Infertility can result. Suckling and weaning pigs may develop spondylitis and become paralyzed or lame. Lameness and vertebral osteomyelitis can occasionally occur in older swine.

How is brucellosis diagnosed?

Culture: most accurate Serology: Must be used on a herd basis.

How is brucellosis prevented and controlled?

The most successful method of eliminating the disease is to depopulate known infected herds, clean up the facilities, and then repopulate with non-infected swine. The cooperative state-federal-industry program utilizes routine monitoring of sows and boars that go to slaughter

Tuberculosis in swine can be caused by any of what three main species?

Mycobacteria: M. avium, M. tuberculosis and M. bovis.

The majority of infections in the past in the U.S. have been associated with contact with infected ______.

poultry

How is tuberculosis transmitted?

Infection is almost always by ingestion

When M. tuberculosis is found, one needs to consider ______ as the most likely source.

humans

Swine can be skin tested for tuberculosis where?

on the ear or vulva

What gross lesions are associated with tuberculosis?

Lymph nodes are almost always cervical or mesenteric nodes. The lesions are usually caseous and yellowish white and vary from a few millimeters in size to involvement of the whole node M. bovis and M. tuberculosis cause more calcified and encapsulated lesions

What are the four main categories or dispositions swine with tuberculosis can fall into?

No lesions Lesions attributable to TB - not disseminated, passed for consumption Passed for cooking - disseminated lesions but no emaciation Disseminated lesions with emaciated carcass - condemned

How is tuberculosis diagnosed?

Gross lesions are suggestive. Histopathologic exam plus staining for acid fast bacteria Bacteriologic culture Tuberculin skin test

How is tuberculosis prevented?

Elimination of contact between swine and poultry and wild birds. Thorough disinfection of premises that have had swine with tuberculosis. No dirt floors Thorough cooking of garbage or meat byproducts that go into swine feed.

What is the etiologic agent of pyelonephritis/cystitis in swine?

Actinobaculum suis

T/F: Actinobaculum suis is normal porcine microflora.

True

The disease is more common in sows housed in _____________.

gestation stalls - greater likelihood of spread due to reduced activity, water intake, and urination

T/F: A. suis is carried in the semen of the boar.

False - prepuce

What clinical signs are associated with cystitis?

Sudden death to acute or chronic renal failure | Acute - hematuria and pyuria, be reluctant to get up and appear lame in the rear; high mortality

What gross lesions are associated with cystitis?

Thickened bladder wall with a hemorrhagic epithelium | +/- purulent exudate and deposits of sand-like material in the bladder

How is cystitis diagnosed?

Bacterial culture

How is cystitis treated?

Ampicillin is best

How is cystitis prevented and controlled?

Management - maximize water consumption, increase salt in ration, general cleanliness, and good ventilation Cull affected animals or isolate

What is the etiologic agent of eperythrozoonosis?

Mycoplasma suis

How is M. suis transmitted?

Needles and equipment In-utero Oral

What clinical signs are associated with M. suis in pigs under 5 days of age?

Anemia and icterus | General unthrifitiness

What clinical signs are associated with M. suis in feeder pigs?

Clinical signs are rarely observed

What clinical signs are associated with M. suis in sows?

``` High fever Anorexia 1-3 days Chronic - anemia, icterus, unthriftiness +/- debilitation and death due to secondary infections Decreased conception rates ```

How is eperythrozoonosis diagnosed?

Blood smears - acute cases PCR IHA subclinical

How is eperythrozoonosis treated?

Tetracyclines Iron dextran to piglets Control other diseases

How is eperythrozoonosis prevented?

Nothing - there are no vaccines

Unit 3 - Swine Reproductive Diseases Flashcards

(77 cards)