Unit 2 - Small Ruminant Johne's to end

Question 1

What clinical signs are associated with small ruminant Johne’s disease?

Answer 1

Wasting, loss of body fat, and about 20% have diarrhea

Question 2

How young can small ruminants be to be affected by Johne’s disease?

Answer 2

1 year of age

Question 3

What causes Johne’s in small ruminants?

Answer 3

M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Question 4

How is Johne’s diagnosed?

Answer 4

Clinical signs
DTH skin test
Serology
Histopath
Culture
PCR

Question 5

What differentials should be considered with chronic weight loss?

Answer 5

Chronic parasitism, OPP, starvation, caseous lymphadenitis, bad teeth, and plastic disease

Question 6

How is Johne’s prevented?

Answer 6

Extensive culling and segregation of replacement ewes

Total de-pop and re-pop

Question 7

In what population of small ruminants does hemorrhagic enteritis cause high mortality rates?

Answer 7

Neonatal lambs

Question 8

What usually causes hemorrhagic enteritis?

Answer 8

Clostridium perfringens type C

Question 9

What toxin causes hemorrhagic enteritis?

Answer 9

Beta toxin

Question 10

What does beta toxin do?

Answer 10

Causes severe damage to the intestinal epithelium and hemorrhagic necrosis

Question 11

How is hemorrhagic enteritis prevented?

Answer 11

Immunization and sanitation of the lambing barn

Question 12

What is the etiologic agent of Yellow Lamb Disease?

Answer 12

C. perfringens type A

Question 13

What lambs are more commonly affected by yellow lamb disease?

Answer 13

Best doing lambs of 2-6 months of age usually due to overeating

Question 14

What lesions does yellow lamb disease cause?

Answer 14

Massive intravascular hemolysis

Question 15

What clinical signs does yellow lamb disease cause?

Answer 15

Anemia, icterus, hemoglobinuria, and jaundice

Question 16

When is yellow lamb disease immunization recommended?

Answer 16

In endemic areas

Question 17

What differentials should be considered with yellow lamb diseasE?

Answer 17

Leptospirosis, babesiosis, and copper poisoning

Question 18

What is the main intestinal parasite that effects small ruminants?

Answer 18

Haemonchus contortus

Question 19

What clinical syndrome does Haemonchus contortus cause?

Answer 19

Severe anemia

Question 20

What lesion does Haemonchus contortus cause?

Answer 20

Bottle jaw

Question 21

What are the ‘parasites’ of secondary importance?

Answer 21

Ostertagia circumcincta

Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, nematodirus

Question 22

What do the parasites of secondary importance cause?

Answer 22

Diarrhea, loose stools, and weight loss

Question 23

How are intestinal parasites prevented/controlled?

Answer 23

Pasture management vs. Dry lot management
Correct dosing of anthelmintics
Over-reliance on anthelmintics
Don’t switch anthelmintics often

Question 24

Is a low or high number on the FAMACHA test indicative of anemia?

Answer 24

High number

Question 25

What are the benefits to using the FAMACHA system?

Answer 25

Can be rapidly applied and is easier than FEC High correlation between anemia score and severity of disease Allows for good records and identification of genetically resistant animals

Question 26

What is refugia?

Answer 26

Maintaining a low population of anthelmintic-sensitive parasites

Question 27

What cautions need to be taken with the FAMACHA system?

Answer 27

Must be done correctly or will lead to problems Only addresses Haemonchus Must be used in combo with other parasite surveillance Must use the card Other conditions can affect the color of the 3rd eyelid

Question 28

What lambs and kids get coccidiosis?

Answer 28

Lambs and kids usually over 3 weeks of age

Question 29

T/F: Coccidiosis is only a problem in lambs and kids.

Answer 29

False - adult dairy goats get it too

Question 30

What are the predisposing factors for coccidiosis?

Answer 30

Standing water, muddy lots, and stress

Question 31

What clinical signs are associated with small ruminant coccidiosis?

Answer 31

Weak, down, or dead lambs or kids | Scouring, black feces, depression, and anorexia

Question 32

How is Coccidiosis prevented?

Answer 32

Lambing and nursing areas should be dry and well bedded Prevent overcrowding Coccidiostats Rumensin

Question 33

How is Coccidiosis treated?

Answer 33

Neonates - Amprolium or Trimethoprim-sulfa | Feeder lambs - Amprolium + Sulfamethazine

Question 34

What causes black disease in small ruminants?

Answer 34

C. novyi type B and Fasciola hepatica

Question 35

When should small ruminants be vaccinated against black disease?

Answer 35

Prior to placing on pasure in spring or summer

Question 36

How is black disease treated?

Answer 36

There is no effective treatment

Question 37

What causes neonatal colibacillosis?

Answer 37

F5 E. coli

Question 38

What is neonatal colibacillosis also known as?

Answer 38

Watery mouth or rattle-belly

Question 39

In what conditions is neonatal colibacillosis more common in?

Answer 39

Crowded, dirty conditions

Question 40

How is colibacillosis prevented?

Answer 40

``` Shearing before lambing Crutching of ewes Make sure lambs get sufficient colostrum Sanitation Immunization ```

Question 41

How is colibacillosis treated?

Answer 41

Rehydration Keep lambs warm Antibiotics

Question 42

What causes club lamb fungus?

Answer 42

Trichophyton verrucosum

Question 43

What predisposes lambs to club lamb fungus?

Answer 43

Lots of washing, shearing, and grooming - happens in sow lambs Infected equipment and facilities

Question 44

T/F: Club lamb fungus is easily transmitted and lots of treatments are needed

Answer 44

True

Question 45

What predisposes small ruminants to dermatophilosis?

Answer 45

Moisture and minor trauma

Question 46

Where can dermatophilosis localize?

Answer 46

Back, legs, ears, etc.

Question 47

How is dermatophilosis treated?

Answer 47

penicillin

Question 48

T/F: Peste des Petit ruminant is rapidly transmitted and not a problem in the US.

Answer 48

True

Question 49

What clinical signs are associated with Peste des Petit?

Answer 49

High fever Mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharges High mortality

Question 50

What lesions are associated with Peste des Petit?

Answer 50

Extensive erosions on oral and pharyngeal mucosa | Enteric lesions - zebra stripes

Question 51

What vaccinations should ewes get?

Answer 51

``` C. jejuni and C. fetus fetus CDT Chlamydia abortus Soremouth Caseous lymphadenitis E. coli F5 bacterin Bluetongue OR no vaccination for a closed herd ```

Question 52

What vaccinations should lambs get?

Answer 52

2x CDT 4 and 6 weeks of age Bluetongue in endemic areas Perfringens type A in endemic areas +/- Haemonchus contortus vax