Unit 4 - Equine Reproductive

Question 1

What are the common infectious causes of abortion?

Answer 1

Bacterial or fungal placentitis
Equine herpesvirus 1
Equine viral arteritis

Question 2

What are the less common infectious causes of abortion?

Answer 2

Leptospirosis
Salmonella
Neorickettsia risticii

Question 3

What FAD causes abortion?

Answer 3

Dourine

Question 4

What are the non-infectious causes of abortion?

Answer 4

Mare reproductive loss syndrome
Twins
Umbilical torsion
Congenital defects

Question 5

What are the etiologic agents of placentitis?

Answer 5

Streptococcus species
E. coli
Pseudomonas species
Klebsiella species
Staphylococcus species
Nocardiform actinomycetes
Aspergillus fumigatos
Mucor species

Question 6

What is the most common route of infection that results in placentitis?

Answer 6

Ascending infection via cervix > hematogenous

Question 7

How does placentitis result in abortion or premature delivery?

Answer 7

1. Placental infection
2. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin release
3. Abortion or premature delivery

Question 8

What clinical sigs are associated with placentitis?

Answer 8

Premature udder development, vaginal discharge

Question 9

What is associated with a poor prognosis where placentitis is concerned?

Answer 9

vaginal discharge

Question 10

What will you see on ultrasound in a patient with placentitis?

Answer 10

Hyperechoic fetal fluids
Placental separation
Increased or decreased fetal heart rate
Thickening of the uterus and placenta

Question 11

How can placentitis be diagnosed?

Answer 11

Ultrasound

Monitoring of progesterone, estrogen levels, and acute phase porteins

Question 12

How is placentitis treated?

Answer 12

Antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and progesterone

Question 13

What is the etiologic cause of rhinopneumonitis abortion?

Answer 13

EHV1&raquo_space; EHV4

Question 14

T/F: Rhinopneumonitis is the most prevalent viral cause of abortion.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

How is rhinopneumonitis transmitted?

Answer 15

Via respiratory secretions, contact with fomites, or aborted fetuses

Question 16

Where does EHV-1/4 multiply?

Answer 16

In lymphoid tissue - lymphocytes carry it to the rest of the body

Question 17

What clinical signs are associated with rhinopnuemonitis abortions?

Answer 17

Usually there are no clinical signs in the mare preceding abortion - death of the fetus at expulsion or later succumb to respiratory failure
Normal placenta

Question 18

When during gestation do rhinopneumonitis abortions occur?

Answer 18

9th or 10th month of gestation

Question 19

How is rhinopneumonitis abortion diagnosed?

Answer 19

Histopath, IHC, PCR

Question 20

What will you find on histopath in an aborted fetus due to rhinopneumonitis?

Answer 20

Necrotic foci with intranuclear inclusions in many tissues, especially the liver, lung, and thymus

Question 21

How is rhinopneumonitis abortion prevented and controlled?

Answer 21

Pregnant mares should be housed separately from other horses on the farm
New arrivals should be quarantined
Vaccination at 5, 7, and 9 months of gestation during each pregnancy

Question 22

What is the etiologic agent of equine coital exanthema?

Answer 22

EHV-3

Question 23

How is equine coital exanthema transmitted?

Answer 23

By breeding and contact

Question 24

What clinical signs are associated with equine coital exanthema?

Answer 24

On the external genitalia of both sexes - papules, vesicles, pustules, and scabby erosions
Lesions can coalesce to large erosions

Question 25

What behavior may stallions exhibit if they have equine coital exanthema?

Answer 25

They may be reluctant to breed

Question 26

What causes equine viral arteritis abortion?

Answer 26

the establishment of viremia following respiratory disease

Question 27

Where is equine viral arteritis shed (for abortions)?

Answer 27

in semen

Question 28

What clinical signs are associated with equine viral arteritis abortion?

Answer 28

Subclinical or mild infection or significant respiratory disease Abortion 2-6 weeks following infection

Question 29

When during gestation can equine viral arteritis abortions occur?

Answer 29

Any time between the 3rd and 10th month of gestation

Question 30

How is equine viral arteritis abortion diagnosed?

Answer 30

VI or PCR on fetal tissues is the best | No lesions

Question 31

How is equine viral arteritis abortion prevented and controlled?

Answer 31

Unvaccinated stallions should be tested immediately | Vaccination

Question 32

T/F: EVAV vaccine-induced antibody cannot be differentiated from infection-induced antibody

Answer 32

True - it is strongly recommended to submit sera for testing prior to initial immunization

Question 33

What are the more common serovars of Leptospira that result in abortion?

Answer 33

Pomona and kennewichi

Question 34

How is Leptospira transmitted?

Answer 34

Oral ingestion of urine-contaminated water

Question 35

What clinical signs are associated with leptospirosis abortions in the mare?

Answer 35

Fever, hemoglobinuria, icterus, renal failure, and late term abortion Equine recurrent uveitis

Question 36

What clinical signs are associated with leptospirosis abortions in the fetus?

Answer 36

Emaciation, icterus, grossly abnormal liver, kidney, and lungs

Question 37

How is leptospirosis abortion diagnosed?

Answer 37

PCR, FA tests, Warthin-Starry silver stain

Question 38

How is leptospirosis abortion treated?

Answer 38

Antibiotics - Oxytetracycline, penicillin

Question 39

How is leptospirosis abortion prevented and controlled?

Answer 39

Isolate the affected animals | Vacciantion

Question 40

What are the common infectious causes of failure to conceive?

Answer 40

General bacterial metritis/endometritis

Question 41

What is the FAD cause of failure to conceive?

Answer 41

CEM

Question 42

What are the non-infectious causes of failure to conceive?

Answer 42

Seasonal anestrus, gonadal dysgenesis, granulosa-theca cell tumor, persistent CL

Question 43

What is the etiologic agent of contagious equine metritis?

Answer 43

Taylorella equigenitalis

Question 44

T/F: Although CEM has been IDd and eradicated, it is still considered an FAD and is frequently IDd in the US.

Answer 44

true

Question 45

T/F: T. equigenitalis is an obligate parasite of horses.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

How is CEM transmitted?

Answer 46

Either venereal via natural breeding, AI, or vertical

Question 47

T/F: Mares become lifelong carriers of T. equigenitalis.

Answer 47

False - they can resolve the infections themselves

Question 48

What clinical signs are associated with contagious equine metritis in mares?

Answer 48

Acute endometritis following breeding - copious purulent discharge, failure to conceive Either become infected or chronic carriers

Question 49

What clinical signs are associated with contagious equine metritis in stallions?

Answer 49

They do not exhibit any clinical signs

Question 50

How is contagious equine metritis diagnosed?

Answer 50

Culture at accredited labs only | PCR

Question 51

How is contagious equine metritis treated?

Answer 51

Thorough washing of external genitalia in stallions and mares Rinsing and application of a topical antibiotic Repeat for 5 consecutive days

Question 52

What are the import requirements for CEM?

Answer 52

Any horse that is sexually intact and over 731 days of age originating from a region/country affected by CEM is subject to quarantine before being allowed into the US Need 2 negative semen tests

Question 53

What are the export requirements for CEM?

Answer 53

Semen extenders must contain abx active against T. equigenitalis Embryos need to be collected in fluid containing an antibiotic active against T. equigenitalis

Question 54

What are the general recommendations for CEM in the united states?

Answer 54

Culture active breeding stallions annually prior to breeding or colelction When collecting stallions and hand mating - wear gloves, use disposable bucket liners, dedicated AV for each stallion, disposable wraps for phantom, tail wraps Veterinary products - disposable vaginal speculums, wear gloves, use disposable bucket liners