Year 1

Describe in detail: -The regions of the body -The anatomical position -The planes of the body -The “opposites” of clinical/anatomical terminology (including term combinations) -The clinical/anatomical terms of laterality -The clinical/anatomical terms of movement Anatomical terms specific to the foot, forearm, hand, thumb, other, -Tongue and the dentition (teeth)

• Describe the stages of a cell cycle. • Describe the events occurring in the G1, S and G2 phase of a cell cycle. • Describe the mitotic cell division.

Describe the organization of cells into tissues and organs (incl blood vessels). Discuss the combinations of the 4 basic tissue types form complex tissues and organs, and have a familiarity with some important tissues and organs including: The basic structure of the digestive tract. The basic structure of the respiratory system. The basic structure of liver, pancreas and salivary gland The basic structure of kidney The basic structure of blood

1) Describe the body systems and explain how these systems work with each other and for each other to keep the body functioning, and safe, to the detail of this lecture 2) Explain that cells are the basic structural and functional units in our bodies. Describe the relationship between cells, tissue types, organs and systems 3) Explain how body systems are involved in removing “waste” from the body (including CO2 and water as a result of ATP formation) 4) Explain the clinical

-Describe the histology of the blood and its various components, including plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. -Describe histological structure of various types of blood vessels. -Discuss the morphology, function, site of development and fate of erythrocytes. -Describe the morphology and function of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and platelets.

Define the following terms: gamete, embryo, foetus, trimesters of pregnancy, teratogen and mutagen. Describe the phases of embryogenesis: gametogenesis, fertilisation, cleavage, gastrulation, embryonic folding and organogenesis. Define the anatomical terms cephalic/cranial, rostral/caudal, anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal in relation to embryology. Describe the major processes that occur during embryonic development. Describe how development of the embryo is regulated.

Understand what is meant by a gamete and where it is formed. Describe the anatomy of the pelvic cavity and pelvic organs. Describe the relationship between the abdominal cavity, parietal peritoneum and peritoneal cavity. Describe the surface anatomy of the male and female perineum. Describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive organs and accessory organs. Apply this knowledge in a clinical context.

To understand how x-rays produce an image, appreciate the strengths and limitations of x-rays. To know what is meant by a contrast study. To understand the strengths, weaknesses and radiation hazard of CT. To understand how an US image is produced, appreciate the strengths and weaknesses of US. To understand the importance of MRI safety. To begin to understand the role of clinical imaging in diagnosis, follow-up and management of patients.

• Describe the development and structure of bone, including bony features and fracture healing. • Describe the general anatomy of the skeleton, including axial and appendicular, comparison of limb bones. • Identify and describe the bones, and their related bony features, as discussed in this lecture. • Define “pectoral girdle”, pelvic girdle” “arm”, “forearm”, “thigh” & “leg”. • State that the skeleton is made up of both bones and cartilage together. • Use the k

1. Describe the general anatomy of the skeleton, including classifying bones as belonging to axial and appendicular skeletons, identify and compare limb bones and define “bony features” 2. Describe the general anatomy of joints. Name & identify all the joints shown in this lecture 3. Describe the anatomy of skeletal muscles including how it moves a joint 4. Explain the difference between a tendon and an aponeurosis 5. State the process of clinical examination of a skeletal muscle & its funct

• Explain the central dogma of molecular biology • Describe the structure of DNA and its constituents • Explain the semi-conservative replication of DNA • Describe the main classes of enzymes involved in DNA replication, and their roles • Explain what is meant (in molecular biology) by: • “antiparallel” • “complementary” • “Okazaki fragment” • “origin of replication” • “leading strand” and “lagging strand”

Describe the nature of the genetic code Describe the process of translation (formation of polypeptides using an mRNA template) Describe the structure and role of aminoacyl tRNA molecules Describe the main classes of enzymes involved in translation and their roles Explain what is meant (in molecular biology) by: “ribosome” “mutation” “post-translational modification” “initiation factor, elongation factor, termination factor”

• Explanation of the main diagnostic approaches to identifying prokaryotic pathogens. • Understand how bacterial shape, cell arrangement, & Gram stain classification are used in identification. • Become familiar with key terms including spore & toxin. • Obtain an overview of how growth conditions, growth media & biochemical profiling are used in diagnostic laboratories. • Understand how molecular biology is being exploited through the use of antibodies, DNA & protein analysis to improv

• Define the term “Penetrance” in relation to effect of a genetic variation. • Draw and interpret simple 3 generation family trees using standard nomenclature. • Give the key characteristics of Autosomal Dominant and Autosomal Recessive inheritance. • Outline the key features of X and Y chromosome inheritance, including X inactivation • Give the key characteristics of X-linked inheritance. • Calculate simple mendelian risks for dominant, recessive and X-linked inheritance • Des

explain: The role of catalysts in chemical reactions (including the terms free energy change, transition state and activation energy) The importance of co-factors and co-enzymes The concept of an active site and how it is affected by temperature and pH on enzyme activity Isozymes The role of enzymes in health and disease

• Obtain an overview of the classification of living organisms. • Understand the structure of a prokaryotic cell & how it differs from a eukaryotic cell. • Recognise the significance of the cell membrane, the cell wall, ribosomes & DNA to survival. • Understand the Gram classification of bacteria & the significance of the outer membrane & LPS. • Obtain an overview of bacterial growth, & key requirements. • Describe how planktonic growth is modelled as 4 distinct growth phases. • B

Appreciate why the immune system is so important for human health Be able to describe key differences between the two main arms of the immune system - Innate and Adaptive Immunity Understand the role of constitutive physical and chemical barriers in defending the body against infectious microorganisms. Be able to describe how tissue resident innate immune cells (macrophages and mast cells) recognise and kill infectious microorganisms

Describe the key local and systemic effects of acute inflammation and why these are important in defence against infectious microorganisms Local vascular effects Systemic effects Describe the processes by which circulating innate cells such as neutrophils (and later adaptive immune cells) are recruited into infected, inflamed tissues Understand the role of the Complement System in recognising and killing extracellular microorganisms and in amplifying acute inflammatory responses Understand the r

Understand the terms; selectively toxicity, bactericidal, bacteriostatic, & spectrum, as applied to antimicrobials. Recognise the significance of the cell wall, protein, synthesis, & chromosome integrity in the mechanism of action of key compounds. Obtain knowledge of key characteristics of antimicrobials that inform clinical choice, including absorption, tissue distribution and the use of antibiotic combinations. Understand how different types (groups) of antibiotics act on bacterial cells: - A