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Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy > 05/15/2023 Notes > Flashcards

05/15/2023 Notes Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Contrary to common belief, bone is…?

A

Dynamic, highly vascular, and constantly changing

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2
Q

Skeleton means…?

A

Dried up (in Greek)

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3
Q

The skeleton interacts with other organ systems and allows what movements?

A

Sitting, standing, walking, running

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4
Q

What are the anchoring attachments for most muscles?

A

Bones

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5
Q

Bones are vital reservoirs for ______?

A

Minerals

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6
Q

What is osteology?

A

The study of bones

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7
Q

What are the extra bones found in the sutures of an adult’s skull called?

A

Wormian Bones or Sutural Bones

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8
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Bones that develop in tendons in response to stress as tendons repeatedly move across a joint

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9
Q

What is a common sesamoid bone that many people have on the anterior surface of their knee?

A

Patella

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10
Q

Where is cartilage connective tissue found?

A

Throughout the adult human body

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11
Q

What is cartilage?

A

A semi-rigid connective tissue that is weaker than bone, but more flexible and resilient

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12
Q

Cartilage contains a population of what cell?

A

Chondroblasts

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13
Q

What does mature chondrocytes do?

A

Maintain the matrix of cartilage and ensure that it stays healthy and viable

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14
Q

Is mature cartilage vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

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15
Q

What are the three functions of cartilage?

A

Support soft tissue, provide a gliding surface at articulations, and provide a model for bone formation in the fetus

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16
Q

What holds open the trachea and small airways?

A

C-shaped hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

The external ear is supported by what?

A

Elastic cartilage

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18
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

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19
Q

What is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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20
Q

Hyaline cartilage is found where?

A

In the trachea, larynx, articular cartilage on bones, growth plates in growing children, and in the fetal skeleton

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21
Q

What does hyaline cartilage do?

A

Provide support, flexibility, and resilience

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22
Q

What type of cartilage contains thick, collagen fibers that resist stretching and compaction forces?

A

Fibrocartilage

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23
Q

Fibrocartilage acts as a _____?

A

Shock absorber

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24
Q

Fibrocartilage is found where in the body?

A

In the meniscus, between vertebrae, and in the pubic symphysis

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25
What kind of fibers are found in elastic cartilage?
Highly branched elastic fibers
26
Where in the body can elastic cartilage be found?
External ear, epiglottis, and ear canal
27
What tissues are found in bone?
Vascular, connective, nervous, muscular, cartilage, and osseous tissue
28
Is a bone considered an organ? Why or why not?
Yes, because it has multiple types of tissue
29
What is calcification?
The deposition of minerals in the matrix of bones that make it sturdy and rigid
30
What are the four functions of bones?
Provide scaffolding in the body, protect delicate organs, allow movement, and conducts hematopoiesis
31
What bone structures protects the brain and spinal cord (CNS)?
Cranial and vertebral column bones
32
What protects the heart and lungs?
The ribcage
33
What cradles the urinary and respiratory tracts?
The pelvis
34
How do bones affect movement?
Contraction of skeletal muscles provides the force/effort needed to move bones as levers to allow movement
35
What is hematopoiesis?
Production/formation of new red blood cells in red marrow
36
Where is hematopoiesis conducted in a child?
In the spongy bone throughout the majority of the body
37
Why does hematopoiesis occur in limited bones in the adult?
Red bone marrow turns into yellow bone marrow and stops production of red blood cells
38
Where does hematopoiesis conduct in an adult?
Skull, sternum, vertebrae, ossa coxae, and proximal epiphysis of femur and humerus
39
What activates hematopoiesis? Where does it come from?
Erythropoieten that is secreted by the kidneys
40
Bones store more than _____% of the body's calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and sodium salts
90
41
What mineral is essential in muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve impulse transmissions?
Calcium
42
What is phosphate used for?
ATP utilization
43
How does yellow bone marrow store energy?
In the form of fats (lipids or adipose tissue)
44
What are the four different classifications of bones?
Long bones, short bones, irregular bones, flat bones
45
Long bones typically function as what?
Levers
46
Where are long bones found?
In the upper and lower extremities
47
Short bones are cube-shaped and transfer _____?
Forces
48
What type of bones are found in the wrists and ankles?
Short bones
49
What do flat bones do?
Act as a site for muscle attachment and protects underlying organs
50
Where are flat bones found?
In the roof of the skull, scapulae, sternum, and ribs
51
What are the functions of irregular bones?
Act as a site for muscle attachment and articulations
52
Vertebrae and certain bones in the skeleton are classified as _____ bones.
Irregular
53
What are the most common type of bone in the body?
Long bones
54
What does -physis stand for?
Growth
55
What word means bone?
Osteon
56
What are epiphyses?
The endings of long bones
57
Epiphyses are composed of...?
An outer layer of compact bone and an inner layer of spongy bone
58
What covers epiphyses?
Articular cartilage, a form of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction and absorbs shock
59
What is the central shaft of a long bone called?
Diaphysis
60
What is found in the middle of diaphyses?
Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
61
In adults, what is found in the medullary cavity?
Yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue)
62
What lines the medullary cavity and aid in growth and repair of the bone?
Endosteum
63
Where are epiphyseal growth plates located?
Between the epiphysis and diaphysis
64
What occurs at the epiphyseal growth plate that allows for bone growth?
Intense mitotic activity
65
How is mitotic activity at the epiphyseal growth plate controlled?
By the Human Growth Hormone secreted by the Pituitary Gland
66
If someone has a limb that is shorter than their other limb, what may have happened to them while they were still growing?
Their bone might have broken and resulted in a displaced epiphyseal growth plate that inhibited their growth
67
What is the epiphyseal line?
Area where the epiphyseal growth plate used to be that is found in adults
68
What allows the passage of blood vessels to keep bones alive?
Nutrient Foramen
69
What is the periosteum?
External covering of bone that covers everything except for spots covered by articular cartilage
70
What serves as an attachment site for tendon-muscle attachment to bones?
Periosteum
71
The periosteum is highly _____?
Vascular
72
Pulling on the periosteum increases growth in the bone's...?
Width
73
What are the four cells of bones?
Osteoprogenitor Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts
74
Which bone cell gives rise to osteoblasts?
Osteoprogenitor Cells
75
Where are osteoprogenitor cells found?
In the endosteum and periosteum
76
Osteoblasts secrete _____ that calcifies and forms bone
Osteoid (semisolid form of bone matrix)
77
What do osteocytes do?
Maintain the bone matrix and detects mechanical stress on a bone
78
What does mechanical stress do to the bone?
Signals are sent to osteoblasts which results in the formation of new bone matrix
79
What do osteoclasts do?
Conduct Osteolysis, a process of breaking down bone
80
What happens when Osteoblasts work more than Osteoclasts?
Bones are stronger
81
What happens when Osteoclasts work more than Osteoblasts?
Bones are weaker
82
What two categories of compounds make bone?
Organic and inorganic compounds
83
Cells, collagen fibers, and ground substances are examples of _____ compounds.
Organic
84
Calcium, phosphorous, sodium, magnesium, sulfate, and fluoride are examples of _____ compounds.
Inorganic
85
Inorganic compounds give _____ to bones
Compressional strength
86
Organic compounds gives bones _____
Flexibility
87
Compound bones are...?
Solid and dense
88
Spongy bones are...?
Porous like a sponge
89
Where are compound bones found?
The outer walls of long bones AND in the inner and outer layer of flat bones
90
Where are spongy bones found?
In the epiphysis of long bones AND between the two layers of compact bones in flat bone

Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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