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Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy > 05/15/2023 Notes > Flashcards

05/15/2023 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Contrary to common belief, bone is…?

A

Dynamic, highly vascular, and constantly changing

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2
Q

Skeleton means…?

A

Dried up (in Greek)

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3
Q

The skeleton interacts with other organ systems and allows what movements?

A

Sitting, standing, walking, running

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4
Q

What are the anchoring attachments for most muscles?

A

Bones

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5
Q

Bones are vital reservoirs for ______?

A

Minerals

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6
Q

What is osteology?

A

The study of bones

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7
Q

What are the extra bones found in the sutures of an adult’s skull called?

A

Wormian Bones or Sutural Bones

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8
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Bones that develop in tendons in response to stress as tendons repeatedly move across a joint

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9
Q

What is a common sesamoid bone that many people have on the anterior surface of their knee?

A

Patella

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10
Q

Where is cartilage connective tissue found?

A

Throughout the adult human body

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11
Q

What is cartilage?

A

A semi-rigid connective tissue that is weaker than bone, but more flexible and resilient

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12
Q

Cartilage contains a population of what cell?

A

Chondroblasts

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13
Q

What does mature chondrocytes do?

A

Maintain the matrix of cartilage and ensure that it stays healthy and viable

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14
Q

Is mature cartilage vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

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15
Q

What are the three functions of cartilage?

A

Support soft tissue, provide a gliding surface at articulations, and provide a model for bone formation in the fetus

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16
Q

What holds open the trachea and small airways?

A

C-shaped hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

The external ear is supported by what?

A

Elastic cartilage

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18
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage

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19
Q

What is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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20
Q

Hyaline cartilage is found where?

A

In the trachea, larynx, articular cartilage on bones, growth plates in growing children, and in the fetal skeleton

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21
Q

What does hyaline cartilage do?

A

Provide support, flexibility, and resilience

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22
Q

What type of cartilage contains thick, collagen fibers that resist stretching and compaction forces?

A

Fibrocartilage

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23
Q

Fibrocartilage acts as a _____?

A

Shock absorber

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24
Q

Fibrocartilage is found where in the body?

A

In the meniscus, between vertebrae, and in the pubic symphysis

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25
Q

What kind of fibers are found in elastic cartilage?

A

Highly branched elastic fibers

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26
Q

Where in the body can elastic cartilage be found?

A

External ear, epiglottis, and ear canal

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27
Q

What tissues are found in bone?

A

Vascular, connective, nervous, muscular, cartilage, and osseous tissue

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28
Q

Is a bone considered an organ? Why or why not?

A

Yes, because it has multiple types of tissue

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29
Q

What is calcification?

A

The deposition of minerals in the matrix of bones that make it sturdy and rigid

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30
Q

What are the four functions of bones?

A

Provide scaffolding in the body, protect delicate organs, allow movement, and conducts hematopoiesis

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31
Q

What bone structures protects the brain and spinal cord (CNS)?

A

Cranial and vertebral column bones

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32
Q

What protects the heart and lungs?

A

The ribcage

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33
Q

What cradles the urinary and respiratory tracts?

A

The pelvis

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34
Q

How do bones affect movement?

A

Contraction of skeletal muscles provides the force/effort needed to move bones as levers to allow movement

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35
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Production/formation of new red blood cells in red marrow

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36
Q

Where is hematopoiesis conducted in a child?

A

In the spongy bone throughout the majority of the body

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37
Q

Why does hematopoiesis occur in limited bones in the adult?

A

Red bone marrow turns into yellow bone marrow and stops production of red blood cells

38
Q

Where does hematopoiesis conduct in an adult?

A

Skull, sternum, vertebrae, ossa coxae, and proximal epiphysis of femur and humerus

39
Q

What activates hematopoiesis? Where does it come from?

A

Erythropoieten that is secreted by the kidneys

40
Q

Bones store more than _____% of the body’s calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and sodium salts

A

90

41
Q

What mineral is essential in muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve impulse transmissions?

A

Calcium

42
Q

What is phosphate used for?

A

ATP utilization

43
Q

How does yellow bone marrow store energy?

A

In the form of fats (lipids or adipose tissue)

44
Q

What are the four different classifications of bones?

A

Long bones, short bones, irregular bones, flat bones

45
Q

Long bones typically function as what?

A

Levers

46
Q

Where are long bones found?

A

In the upper and lower extremities

47
Q

Short bones are cube-shaped and transfer _____?

A

Forces

48
Q

What type of bones are found in the wrists and ankles?

A

Short bones

49
Q

What do flat bones do?

A

Act as a site for muscle attachment and protects underlying organs

50
Q

Where are flat bones found?

A

In the roof of the skull, scapulae, sternum, and ribs

51
Q

What are the functions of irregular bones?

A

Act as a site for muscle attachment and articulations

52
Q

Vertebrae and certain bones in the skeleton are classified as _____ bones.

A

Irregular

53
Q

What are the most common type of bone in the body?

A

Long bones

54
Q

What does -physis stand for?

A

Growth

55
Q

What word means bone?

A

Osteon

56
Q

What are epiphyses?

A

The endings of long bones

57
Q

Epiphyses are composed of…?

A

An outer layer of compact bone and an inner layer of spongy bone

58
Q

What covers epiphyses?

A

Articular cartilage, a form of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction and absorbs shock

59
Q

What is the central shaft of a long bone called?

A

Diaphysis

60
Q

What is found in the middle of diaphyses?

A

Medullary cavity (marrow cavity)

61
Q

In adults, what is found in the medullary cavity?

A

Yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue)

62
Q

What lines the medullary cavity and aid in growth and repair of the bone?

A

Endosteum

63
Q

Where are epiphyseal growth plates located?

A

Between the epiphysis and diaphysis

64
Q

What occurs at the epiphyseal growth plate that allows for bone growth?

A

Intense mitotic activity

65
Q

How is mitotic activity at the epiphyseal growth plate controlled?

A

By the Human Growth Hormone secreted by the Pituitary Gland

66
Q

If someone has a limb that is shorter than their other limb, what may have happened to them while they were still growing?

A

Their bone might have broken and resulted in a displaced epiphyseal growth plate that inhibited their growth

67
Q

What is the epiphyseal line?

A

Area where the epiphyseal growth plate used to be that is found in adults

68
Q

What allows the passage of blood vessels to keep bones alive?

A

Nutrient Foramen

69
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

External covering of bone that covers everything except for spots covered by articular cartilage

70
Q

What serves as an attachment site for tendon-muscle attachment to bones?

A

Periosteum

71
Q

The periosteum is highly _____?

A

Vascular

72
Q

Pulling on the periosteum increases growth in the bone’s…?

A

Width

73
Q

What are the four cells of bones?

A

Osteoprogenitor Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts

74
Q

Which bone cell gives rise to osteoblasts?

A

Osteoprogenitor Cells

75
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells found?

A

In the endosteum and periosteum

76
Q

Osteoblasts secrete _____ that calcifies and forms bone

A

Osteoid (semisolid form of bone matrix)

77
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

Maintain the bone matrix and detects mechanical stress on a bone

78
Q

What does mechanical stress do to the bone?

A

Signals are sent to osteoblasts which results in the formation of new bone matrix

79
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Conduct Osteolysis, a process of breaking down bone

80
Q

What happens when Osteoblasts work more than Osteoclasts?

A

Bones are stronger

81
Q

What happens when Osteoclasts work more than Osteoblasts?

A

Bones are weaker

82
Q

What two categories of compounds make bone?

A

Organic and inorganic compounds

83
Q

Cells, collagen fibers, and ground substances are examples of _____ compounds.

A

Organic

84
Q

Calcium, phosphorous, sodium, magnesium, sulfate, and fluoride are examples of _____ compounds.

A

Inorganic

85
Q

Inorganic compounds give _____ to bones

A

Compressional strength

86
Q

Organic compounds gives bones _____

A

Flexibility

87
Q

Compound bones are…?

A

Solid and dense

88
Q

Spongy bones are…?

A

Porous like a sponge

89
Q

Where are compound bones found?

A

The outer walls of long bones AND in the inner and outer layer of flat bones

90
Q

Where are spongy bones found?

A

In the epiphysis of long bones AND between the two layers of compact bones in flat bone

Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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