05/30/2023 Notes

Question 1

What four muscles are found in the quadriceps femoris?

Answer 1

Rectus Femoris, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius

Question 2

The Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, and Semimembranosus forms what posterior thigh muscle?

Answer 2

Hamstring

Question 3

What is the most powerful muscle in the body that is also a prime mover in knee extension?

Answer 3

Quadriceps Femoris

Question 4

What part of the crural region lacks muscle and has no padding?

Answer 4

Anteromedial Area (shin)

Question 5

What muscle found in the anterior compartment of the crural region aids in dorsiflexion?

Answer 5

Tibialis Anterior

Question 6

What holds the anterior compartment muscles of the lower leg tightly against the ankle?

Answer 6

Extensor Retinaculum

Question 7

What muscle aids in evertors and weakly in plantar flexors?

Answer 7

Peroneus (fibularis) Longus

Question 8

What muscles compose the Triceps Surae found in the posterior compartment of the lower leg and aids in plantar flexion?

Answer 8

Gastrocnemius and Soleus

Question 9

What are the functions of the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

Answer 9

Support the foot arches and move the toes to aid in locomotion

Question 10

What organ system helps the body maintain homeostasis?

Answer 10

Nervous System

Question 11

What is homeostasis?

Answer 11

The body’s ability to sense and respond to the external environment and allows us to control the internal activities of our bodies

Question 12

What are the two systems in the structural organization of the nervous system?

Answer 12

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

Question 13

What composes the CNS?

Answer 13

Brain and spinal cord

Question 14

What composed the PNS?

Answer 14

Cranial nerves, ganglia, and spinal nerves

Question 15

Both the PNS and CNS work together to perform what functions?

Answer 15

Act as receptors to collect information by detecting changes in the environment, and then evaluating the information to determine a response

Question 16

What are the two functional divisions in the nervous system?

Answer 16

Sensory (afferent) division and Motor (efferent) division

Question 17

What is the purpose of the sensory division of the nervous system?

Answer 17

Receives sensory information from receptors and transmits them to the CNS; nerve impulses are sent TO the CNS

Question 18

What two systems form the sensory division?

Answer 18

Somatic sensory and visceral sensory

Question 19

What is the difference between the somatic sensory division and visceral sensory division?

Answer 19

Somatic sensory detects voluntary actions (touch, pain, pressure, proprioception, special senses, etc), while visceral sensory is responsible for involuntary actions (nerve impulse transmission, body temperature, stretching of organ walls)

Question 20

What does the motor division of the nervous system do?

Answer 20

Transmits motor impulses from the CNS to muscles/glands; nerve impulses are sent FROM the CNS

Question 21

What two divisions forms the motor division of the nervous system?

Answer 21

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System

Question 22

What does the somatic nervous system do?

Answer 22

Conducts nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles and cause them to contract (voluntary control)

Question 23

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

Answer 23

Innervate internal organs and regulate smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands (involuntary control)

Question 24

What two divisions make up the autonomic nervous system, and what is the function of each?

Answer 24

Sympathetic division (fight or flight reponse) and parasympathetic division (rest and digest)

Question 25

What two cells form the nervous system?

Answer 25

Neurons and glial cells

Question 26

What are neurons?

Answer 26

The basic structural unit of the nervous system that conducts impulses from one part of the body to another; excitable cells that initiate and transmit nerve impulses

Question 27

What are three characteristics of neurons?

Answer 27

High metabolic rate and needs a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients; have extreme longevity and survive from fetal development to old age; not capable of mitosis

Question 28

What three structures are found in all neurons?

Answer 28

Cell body, dendrites, and axons

Question 29

What does a cell body of the neuron do?

Answer 29

Act as the neuron's control center and is responsible for receiving, integrating, and sending nerve signals

Question 30

What cytoplasmic projections branch off the cell body and conduct nerve impulses towards the body?

Answer 30

Dendrites

Question 31

What are axons?

Answer 31

Cytoplasmic projections that transmit nerve impulses away from the body

Question 32

Sensory neurons transport nerve impulses from where to where?

Answer 32

From sensory receptors to the CNS

Question 33

Motor neurons transport nerve impulses from where to where?

Answer 33

From the CNS to muscles/glands

Question 34

What are interneurons?

Answer 34

99% of ALL the neurons; found in the CNS and are responsible for facilitating communication between sensory and motor neurons

Question 35

What are glial cells?

Answer 35

Cells found in both the CNS and PNS that nourishes, protects, and provides a framework for neurons

Question 36

Glial cells form what percentage of the nervous system?

Answer 36

50%

Question 37

What are the four types of glial cells found in the CNS?

Answer 37

Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells

Question 38

What are astrocytes?

Answer 38

Most abundant glial cell found in the CNS that contributes to the blood-brain barrier

Question 39

What is the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 39

A system that controls what enters the nervous tissue in the brain from blood

Question 40

What are ependymal cells?

Answer 40

Glial cell in the CNS that forms choroid plexus which produces cerebrospinal fluid

Question 41

What are microglial cells?

Answer 41

Glial cells found in the CNS that act as wandering phagocytes that cleans the CNS

Question 42

What are oligodendrocytes?

Answer 42

Glial cells in the CNS that form the myelin sheath

Question 43

What are the two types of glial cells found in the PNS?

Answer 43

Satellite cells and schwann cells

Question 44

What are satellite cells?

Answer 44

Flattened glial cells in the PNS that regulate the movement of nutrients and waste products between neurons

Question 45

What are schwann cells?

Answer 45

Glial cells in the PNS that serve a similar function to oligodendrocytes in that they are responsible for myelinating PNS axons