06/02/2023 Notes

Question 1

What are cranial nerves?

Answer 1

Nerves that are part of the peripheral nervous system that originate on the inferior surface of the brain

Question 2

How many cranial nerves are there?

Answer 2

12 pairs

Question 3

What is CN I? Describe what information it sends and its function.

Answer 3

Olfactory Nerve relays sensory information and is responsible for sense of smell

Question 4

Where are dendrites of olfactory neurons found?

Answer 4

Within the mucosa that covers the superior nasal conchae and adjacent nasal septum

Question 5

What is cranial nerve II?

Answer 5

The optic nerve is a sensory nerve that relays information from photoreceptors in the retina to the visual cortex within the occipital lobes

Question 6

What is the optic chiasm?

Answer 6

Converging of optic nerves within the optic foramen that cross nerves on the medial half to the opposite brain

Question 7

What is bitemporal hemaniopia?

Answer 7

Blindness in the temporal field of vision in both eyes due to the growth of a pituitary tumor that puts pressure on the optic chiasma

Question 8

What is fundoscopic examination used for when looking within the fundus of the eye?

Answer 8

Papilledema caused by increased intracranial pressure

Question 9

What is cranial nerve III?

Answer 9

Oculomotor nerve is a motor nerve that controls the intrinsic and extrinsic movement of the eye

Question 10

What does CNIII innervate?

Answer 10

Many extrinsic muscles of the eye and the intrinsic muscles of the eye that constrict the pupil and muscles that change the shape of the eye to allow focusing

Question 11

Pressure or damage to the oculomotor nerve can cause what?

Answer 11

Palsy on the ipsilateral side of the head

Question 12

What specific trauma/pressure can cause palsy on CNIII?

Answer 12

Rostrocaudal brain deterioration, tumors, or cerebral edema

Question 13

What is CN IV?

Answer 13

Trochlear nerve is a small motor nerve that innervates that muscle of the eye that controls downward and lateral movement of the eye

Question 14

What is CN V?

Answer 14

Trigeminal nerve is a large mixed nerve that has both sensory and motor functions

Question 15

What are the sensory functions of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 15

Involved with sensations of touch, temperature, and pain

Question 16

What are the three branches of CN V?

Answer 16

Ophthalmic Nerve, Maxillary Nerve, and Mandibular Nerve

Question 17

What is the photic sneeze reflex?

Answer 17

An inherited condition that causes an individual to sneeze repetitively when exposed to bright lights

Question 18

Where can dental anesthesia be applied to dead nerves in the lower and upper jaw?

Answer 18

Mandibular foramen in the lower jaw and foramen rotundum in the upper jaw

Question 19

What are the motor functions of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 19

Innervates muscles involved with chewing (masseter, temporalis, and medial/lateraly pterygoids)

Question 20

What is cranial nerve 6?

Answer 20

The abducens nerve is a small motor nerve that controls the extrinsic movement of the eye laterally

Question 21

What is CN VII?

Answer 21

The facial nerve is a mixed nerve that controls significant quality of life

Question 22

What are the motor functions of the facial nerve?

Answer 22

Innervates muscles of facial expression (epicranius, buccinators, orbicularis oris, platysma) and stimulates several salivary glands (sublingual and submandibular glands)

Question 23

What are the sensory functions of CN VII?

Answer 23

Receives impulses of taste from the ANTERIOR portion of the tongue

Question 24

What is CN VIII?

Answer 24

The vestibulocochlear nerve is a sensory nerve that is composed of both the vestibular and cochlear nerves

Question 25

What does the vestibular branch of CN VIII do?

Answer 25

Responsible for equilibrium and balance, and sends information to several regions of the brain

Question 26

What does the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve do?

Answer 26

Responsible for hearing and sends information to the cerebral cortex

Question 27

What is CN IX?

Answer 27

The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed nerve that innervates the posterior part of the tongue and a muscle in the throat

Question 28

What is the motor function of CN IX?

Answer 28

Stimulates the swallowing reflex and secretion of saliva by the parotid gland

Question 29

What are the sensory functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Answer 29

Originate from chemoreceptors on the back portion of the tongue and sensors in the carotid sinus then enters the cranium to reach the pons and taste areas of insula

Question 30

What is CN X?

Answer 30

Valgus Nerve is a mixed nerve that originates in the medulla oblongata and innervates several visceral organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Question 31

What is the longest cranial nerve?

Answer 31

CN X (valgus nerve)

Question 32

What are the motor functions of CN X?

Answer 32

Innervates most pharynx muscles and the voice box (larynx)

Question 33

Damage to the valgus nerve can result in what?

Answer 33

Difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, monotone, or mutism

Question 34

What are sensory functions of CN X?

Answer 34

Receives input from external auditory canal and eardrum, pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, esophagus, and abdominal organs except for the lower portions of large intestines

Question 35

What is CN XI?

Answer 35

Accessory nerve is a motor nerve that arises from the medulla and spinal cord

Question 36

What are the two components of the accessory nerve and their functions?

Answer 36

Cranial root component innervates pharynx muscles that contract while swallowing, and the spinal root innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoids

Question 37

What is CN XII?

Answer 37

Hypoglossal nerve is a motor nerve that innervates the muscles of the tongue and some nearby muscles that aid in tongue movement

Question 38

Damage to the hypoglossal nerve results in what?

Answer 38

Impaired swallowing and difficulty with speech

Question 39

What are the names of the 12 cranial nerves?

Answer 39

Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Valgus Accessory Hypoglossal

Question 40

What two cranial nerves are involved with taste?

Answer 40

Facial Nerve (CN XII) and Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

Question 41

What is the smallest cranial nerve?

Answer 41

Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)