05/23/2023 Notes

Question 1

What is the largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body?

Answer 1

Knee Joint

Question 2

Although the knee joint is primarily a hinge joint, what movements is it capable of when flexed?

Answer 2

Slight rotation and lateral gliding movements

Question 3

What two articulations can be found in the knee?

Answer 3

Tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral joint

Question 4

The articular capsule in the knee joint covers which regions?

Answer 4

The medial, lateral, and posterior regions of the knee joint

Question 5

What covers the anterior region of the knee joint?

Answer 5

The quadriceps femoris muscle tendon

Question 6

What bone is embedded in the quadriceps femoris muscle tendon?

Answer 6

Patella

Question 7

What ligament prevents the lower leg from moving too far medially?

Answer 7

Lateral Collateral Ligament

Question 8

What is an alternative name for the LCL?

Answer 8

Fibular Collateral Ligament

Question 9

What can test is the fibular collateral ligament has been torn?

Answer 9

Varus Deviation

Question 10

What does the medial collateral ligament do?

Answer 10

Prevents the lower leg from moving too far laterally

Question 11

What is another name for the MCL?

Answer 11

Tibial Collateral Ligament

Question 12

What is valgus deviation?

Answer 12

A test that can be done to see if the MCL has been torn

Question 13

Since the MCL is attached to the medial meniscus, what happens when the MCL is torn?

Answer 13

The medial meniscus also gets injured

Question 14

What is the pair of C-shaped fibrocartilage pads located on the condyles of tibia called?

Answer 14

Meniscus

Question 15

What do the medial and lateral menisci do?

Answer 15

Stabilize the knee joint and act as a cushion between articulating surfaces

Question 16

What does the Anterior Cruciate Ligament do?

Answer 16

Prevents the tibia from moving too far anterior of the femur

Question 17

When the knee is extended, which cruciate ligament is taut?

Answer 17

ACL

Question 18

What does the Posterior Cruciate Ligament do?

Answer 18

Prevents tibia from moving too far posterior of the femur

Question 19

When the knee if flexed, what cruciate ligament is taut?

Answer 19

PCL

Question 20

What does locking the knee joint allow humans to do?

Answer 20

Stand erect without tiring leg muscles

Question 21

What is a negative effect of locking the knees?

Answer 21

Limit blood flow and fainting

Question 22

What ligament is frequently torn in knee dislocation?

Answer 22

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Question 23

What is an allograft in ACL repair?

Answer 23

Replacing the torn ACL with iliotibial tract tissue from a cadaver

Question 24

What is an autograft in ACL repair?

Answer 24

Replacing torn ACL with patient’s own patellar ligament or portions of hamstring tendons

Question 25

What is the talocrural joint?

Answer 25

A highly modified hinge joint that permits dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Question 26

What do the medial and lateral malleoli do?

Answer 26

Prevent the ankle joint from sliding too far side-to-side

Question 27

What are the 4 supporting ligaments in the ankle?

Answer 27

Deltoid ligament, Anterior talofibular ligament, Posterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament

Question 28

Since the deltoid ligament is incredibly strong, what will likely happen before it tears?

Answer 28

The medial malleolus will likely break

Question 29

What is a common cause of ankle sprains?

Answer 29

Inversion of the foot, which results in partial/complete tears of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments

Question 30

Why do high top athletic shoes reduce ankle sprains?

Answer 30

The wearer is more aware of the position their ankle is in

Question 31

What are intertarsal joints?

Answer 31

Planar joints between tarsal joints where inversion and eversion occur

Question 32

What joints are condyloid joints between the metatarsals and phalanges of toes?

Answer 32

Metatarsophalangeal Joints

Question 33

What type of joint are interphalangeal joints?

Answer 33

Hinge

Question 34

Active joints have _____ capsules and ligaments _____ in size

Answer 34

stronger/thicker; increase

Question 35

Excessive exercise can lead to what?

Answer 35

Osteoarthritis

Question 36

What is an arthroscope?

Answer 36

A specialized, flexible endoscope used to diagnose joint disease

Question 37

What tissues are found in muscles?

Answer 37

Muscular, epithelial, connective, nervous

Question 38

What are cardiac muscles?

Answer 38

Muscles essential for pumping blood

Question 39

What are smooth muscles?

Answer 39

Muscles essential for propelling materials through internal tubes

Question 40

What are 4 characteristics of muscle?

Answer 40

Excitability, contractility, elasticity, extensibility

Question 41

What is excitability?

Answer 41

Response to electrical stimuli

Question 42

What is contractility?

Answer 42

Contraction of muscles move bones or propels material inside body

Question 43

What is elasticity?

Answer 43

Muscle cell will recoil back to resting length when the applied tension is removed

Question 44

What is extensibility?

Answer 44

Muscle fiber is capable of extending in length in response to contraction of opposing muscle cells

Question 45

A single muscle is composed of _____ of cells.

Answer 45

thousands

Question 46

What is another name for skeletal muscle cells?

Answer 46

Muscle fibers

Question 47

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 47

An increase in muscle fiber size

Question 48

What are 5 functions of skeletal muscle?

Answer 48

Body movement, Maintenance of posture, Temperature regulation, Storage and movement of materials, Support