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Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy > 05/18/2023 Notes > Flashcards

05/18/2023 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the clavicle?

A

An s-shaped bone that binds the shoulder to the axial skeleton

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2
Q

What are epaulets?

A

A section on modern-day military uniforms derived from ancient segments of armor designed to protect clavicles

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3
Q

What is the longest and largest bone of the upper extremity?

A

Humerus

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4
Q

What is the Head of the Humerus?

A

The proximal end of the humerus that articulates with the glenoid cavity

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5
Q

Where are the tubercles found on the humerus?

A

Adjacent to the head of the humerus

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6
Q

What is the greater tubercle?

A

The tubercle that is lateral on the humerus that forms the rounded contour of the shoulder

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7
Q

What tubercle of the humerus is smaller and located medially?

A

Lesser Tubercle

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8
Q

What is the intertubecular groove?

A

A groove found between the tubercles of the humerus that contains one of the tendons of the biceps brachii

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9
Q

What is found between the head of the humerus and the tubercles of the humerus?

A

The anatomical neck of the humerus

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10
Q

What does the anatomical neck of the humerus mark?

A

The former location of an epiphyseal growth plate

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11
Q

What is a common fracture site in the humerus in elderly persons?

A

The surgical neck of the humerus

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12
Q

What is the capitulum?

A

A lateral, rounded condyle that receives the radius

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13
Q

What is the trochlea?

A

A medial condyle that receives the ulna

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14
Q

What bone structures are located above the condyles and serve as sites for muscle attachments?

A

Lateral and Medial Malleoli

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15
Q

What fracture results in a “silver fork” deformity?

A

Colles Fracture

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16
Q

What dense regular connective tissue connects the radius and ulna together?

A

Interosseous Membrane

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17
Q

The interosseous membrane does what?

A

Keep the radius and ulna at a fixed distance and allows rotation of the arm

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18
Q

Where are nails pounded into the body during crucifixion?

A

Between the distal ends of the radius and ulna OR in the carpal bones of the wrist

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19
Q

What nerve does crucifixion damage?

A

The median nerve

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20
Q

What bones are found in the palm of the manus?

A

Metacarpal bones

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21
Q

What is another name for the thumb?

A

Pollex

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22
Q

How many bones of the fingers are there in a hand?

A

14

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23
Q

Which finger only has 2 phalanges?

A

Thumb

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24
Q

Why is the scapula fractured infrequently?

A

It is well protected by surrounding muscles

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25
Q

Fractures of the scapula may also be associated with what?

A

Fractures to ribs 2-7 following severe blows to the back

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26
Q

What is another common name for Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation (A-C Separation)?

A

Shoulder separation

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27
Q

How does one separate their shoulder?

A

When an individual falls and lands on the point of their shoulder, which drives their scapula distal from the lateral end of the clavicle

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28
Q

When the articulation of the head of the humerus and glenoid cavity become separated, what injury results?

A

Dislocation of the shoulder

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29
Q

What is the most commonly dislocated joint of the body?

A

Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)

30
Q

Once a person dislocates a joint, they are at higher risk of reinjury. Why?

A

The supporting ligaments are damaged and cannot fully heal. “Once dislocated, always dislocated”

31
Q

Nerve and blood vessel injury is common in what fracture of the upper extremity?

A

Fracture of the shaft of the humerus

32
Q

Fracturing of the shaft of the humerus occurs in what groups of people?

A

Young adults that suffer a violent injury, and children that fracture the distal end of their humerus above the condyles

33
Q

What dislocation occurs in teenagers and young adults as athletic injuries

A

Dislocation of the elbow

34
Q

How can one identify a dislocated elbow?

A

Sine the radius and ulna are displaced posteriorly, the olecranon becomes much more prominent

35
Q

What is a common name for lateral epicondylitis?

A

Tennis elbow

36
Q

How does lateral epicondylitis occur?

A

Repeated strenuous contraction of the muscles that originate on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus which causes a strain on the periosteum and tendinous muscle attachment

37
Q

What are two activities that may result in lateral epicondylitis?

A

Tennis and shooting handguns

38
Q

When children fall on their outstretched hands, what injury may they get?

A

Fracturing of the shafts of both the radius and ulna

39
Q

Where is the iliac crest found?

A

On the posteriosuperior edges of the hips

40
Q

What is a false pelvis?

A

The upper portion of the pelvic basin that is enclosed by the wing-like sides of the flared iliac bones

41
Q

The false pelvis forms the _____ region of the abdominal cavity and houses the _____ abdominal organs.

A

Inferior; inferior

42
Q

What is the lower portion of the pelvic basic that encloses the pelvic cavity and forms a deep, narrow region that contains pelvic organs?

A

True Pelvis

43
Q

What is the pelvic outlet?

A

The inferior exit from the true pelvis that is bounded by the inferior border of the pubic symphysis, the ischial tuberosities, and coccyx

44
Q

What is pelvimentry?

A

The measurement of the size and shape of the pelvic outlet

45
Q

What are some benefits of giving birth in the squatting position?

A

Increases the diameter of the true pelvis and allows easier passage of the child’s head

46
Q

What is relaxin?

A

A hormone by the corpus luteum of ovaries during pregnancy that loosens the symphysis pubis and sacroiliac joint

47
Q

What is the most sexually dimorphic bones of the body?

A

Ossa Coxae

48
Q

What are some differences between male and female pelvis?

A

In females, the pelvis has a slight anterior tilt, the ilium flares more laterally, the acetabulum projects more laterally, the sacrum is shorter and wider, the coccyx has a posterior tilt, the true pelvis is wide and oval, and the pubic arch is wider, convex, and greater than 100 degrees.

In males, the pelvis is relatively verticle, the ilium projects superiorly, the true pelvis is heart-shaped, and the pubic arch does not exceed 90 degrees.

49
Q

When do most epiphyseal growth plates fuse?

A

Between the ages of 10-25

50
Q

The articular surface of the os coxae looks like what during a person’s 20s and teens?

A

It is roughened and billowed

51
Q

At what age does the articular surface flatten and lose their billowing?

A

In the 30s and 40s

52
Q

What happens to the articular surface as a person continues to age past 40?

A

It develops concavities and arthritic changes

53
Q

What bone of the lower extremity bears the weight of the body?

A

Tibia

54
Q

What are the attachment sites for patellar tendons?

A

Tibial tuberosities

55
Q

Where are intraosseous (IO) infusions done?

A

In the flat bone surface approximately 1-finger’s length below the tibial tuberosity

56
Q

What are the three arches of the foot?

A

Lateral longitudinal arch, medial longitudinal arch, and transverse arch

57
Q

What functions do the arches of the foot have?

A

Support the weight of the body, provide leverage while walking, and ensures that blood vessels and nerves are not pinched when standing

58
Q

How is the shape of arches in the feet maintained?

A

Through bone and strong ligaments

59
Q

How do closed fractures of the pelvis occur?

A

Through direction compression in which the pelvis is crushed by a heavy impact

60
Q

Pelvis fractures occur in how many places?

A

2

61
Q

Why are closed pelvic fractures fatal?

A

Severe internal bleeding may cause a person to die from blood loss

62
Q

During hip fractures, what bones break?

A

The neck of the femur tends to break; hip fractures usually do not involve the pelvis or acetabulum

63
Q

Who gets hip fractures?

A

Elderly persons with osteoporosis AND young adults who suffer traumatic injury

64
Q

How much blood can a person lose when they get a femoral shaft injurt?

A

500-2000 mL of blood

65
Q

Why are Hare Traction Splints used to immediately treat a femoral shaft injury?

A

To relax the tightening muscles to prevent the shattered bone from cutting through muscle, nerves, and blood vessels

66
Q

Why do patella fractures tend to not fragment?

A

They are confined in the quadriceps femoris tendon

67
Q

Where can tibial and fibular shaft fractures occur?

A

At any point between the knee and ankle joints

68
Q

Both the tibular and fibular shafts fracture _____.

A

Simultaneously

69
Q

What is one of the most common injured joints across all ages?

A

Ankle joint

70
Q

How can a fracture be distinguished from an ankle sprain?

A

x-rays

71
Q

How do Potts Fractures occur?

A

A shearing force is applied to the ankle that fractures both the lateral and medial malleoli

72
Q

What bone of the foot tends to fracture the most

A

Calcaneus

Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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