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Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy > 06/14/2023 Notes > Flashcards

06/14/2023 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the entrance to the GI tract?

A

Oral cavity (mouth)

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2
Q

What is the initial site of mechanical digestion through mastication and chemical digestion?

A

mouth

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3
Q

What are the 2 distinct regions found within the oral cavity?

A

Vestibule and oral cavity proper

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4
Q

What is the vestibule in the mouth?

A

Space between the cheeks/lips and gums

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5
Q

What is the oral cavity proper found?

A

Central to the alveolar processes of the mandible and maxillae

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6
Q

What forms the lateral walls of the oral cavity?

A

Cheeks

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7
Q

What does the buccinator muscles do?

A

Compress the cheeks against the cheeks to hold solid materials in place while chewing

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8
Q

What are the lips?

A

Area where the cheeks terminate and are formed by the orbicularis oris muscle and are covered by a thin layer of keratinized stratified epithelium

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9
Q

Why do lips have a reddish hue?

A

Abundant supply of superficial blood vessels and reduced amount of keratin within the outer skin

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10
Q

What are gingivae?

A

Gingivae are the gums; they are composed of dense regular connective tissue with an overlying stratified epithelium covering the alveolar processes of the upper and lower jaws

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11
Q

What is the labial frenulum?

A

A thin mucosal fold that attaches the superior and inferior lips to the gingivae at the midline

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12
Q

What does the palate separate the oral cavity from?

A

Nasal cavity

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13
Q

What is the hard palate?

A

Anterior 2/3 of the palate formed by the palatine processes of the maxillae and palatine bones

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14
Q

What do the transverse palatine folds (friction ridges) perform?

A

Assist the tongue in manipulating ingested materials prior to swallowing

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15
Q

What does the soft palate and uvula do during swallowing?

A

Soft palate and uvula elevate to close off the posterior entrance to the nasopharynx and prevent ingested materials from entering the nasal region

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16
Q

What are palatine tonsils?

A

Early line of defense that monitors ingested food/drink for antigens and can initiate an immune response if necessary

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17
Q

What is the tongue?

A

An accessory digestive organ formed by skeletal muscle that participates in sound production

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18
Q

What does the tongue do in digestion?

A

Manipulate and mix ingested materials during shewing and helps compress the partially digested materials against the hard palate to turn materials in bolus

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19
Q

What is a bolus?

A

Globular mass of partially digested materials

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20
Q

What is the lingual frenulum?

A

A thin, vertical mucous membrane that attaches the inferior surface of the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity

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21
Q

What do salivary glands do?

A

Produce and secrete saliva

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22
Q

How much saliva is secreted daily?

A

1-1.5 L a day

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23
Q

What are the functions of saliva?

A

Moisten ingested food, moisten and clean oral cavity structures, aid in chemical digestion, inhibit bacterial growth, and dissolves food to stimulate taste

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24
Q

What is amylase?

A

A salivary enzyme that begins chemical digestion by breaking down starch

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25
Q

What are lysolyzes?

A

an antibacterial substance that inhibits bacterial growth in the oral cavity

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26
Q

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?

A

Parotid salivary glands, submandibular glands, and sublingual salivary glands

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27
Q

What are the largest salivary glands?

A

Parotid salivary glands

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28
Q

When infected with mumps, what happens to the parotid salivary glands?

A

Become swollen

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29
Q

Which salivary gland is used in “gleeking”?

A

Submandibular salivary glands

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30
Q

What division of the ANS innervates salivary glands?

A

Parasympathetic

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31
Q

CN VII innervates what salivary glands?

A

Facial nerve innervates submandibular and sublingual glands

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32
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve innervates which salivary gland?

A

Parotid

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33
Q

What do parasympathetic and sympathic innervation do to salivary glands?

A

Parasympathetic stimulates salivary gland secretion while sympathetic innervations inhibit secretion and cause dry mouth in frightened people

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34
Q

What are teeth responsible for in mechanical digestion?

A

Mastication

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35
Q

What are the 3 components of a tooth?

A

Crown, Neck, and Roots

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36
Q

Where do the root of teeth fit into?

A

Dental alveoli

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37
Q

What form the gomphosis joint?

A

Root of teeth, dental alveoli, and periodontal ligaments

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38
Q

What are deciduous teeth?

A

Milk teeth that erupt 6-30 months after births

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39
Q

What are permanent teeth?

A

32 teeth that replace deciduous teeth starting with the anterior teeth and moving to the posterior teeth

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40
Q

what are the last teeth to appear?

A

3rd molars (wisdom teeth)

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41
Q

What are incisors?

A

Anteriorly placed teeth designed for slicing/cutting into food that are shaped like a chisel

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42
Q

What are canines?

A

Posterolateral teeth to the incisors with a pointed tip responsible for puncturing and tearing food; “eye teeth”

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43
Q

What are the premolars (bicuspids)?

A

Teeth with flat crowns that have ridges (cusps) that crush and grind ingested materials

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44
Q

What are molars?

A

thickest teeth with large, broad, flat crowns also designed for crushing and grinding ingested materials

45
Q

How many of each teeth are found in 1 quadrant?

A

2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars

46
Q

How may teeth be lost?

A

trauma, disease, age

47
Q

What is a common space used by both the respiratory and digestive system?

A

Pharynx

48
Q

What 3 skeletal muscle pairs form the pharynx?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors

49
Q

What nerve innervates most pharyngeal muscles?

A

CN X (vagus)

50
Q

What does the parietal peritoneum cover?

A

Inside surface of the body wall

51
Q

What part of the peritoneum covers the surface of internal organs?

A

Visceral peritoneum

52
Q

What are organs covered by the visceral peritoneum called? Which organs are these?

A

Intraperitoneal organs are the stomach, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, and the majority of the large intestines

53
Q

What are the organs covered by the parietal peritoneum called? Which organs are these?

A

Retroperitoneal organs are the kidneys, pancreas, duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, and rectum

54
Q

What are mesenteries?

A

Double-layered folds of peritoneum that support and stabilize the intraperitoneal GI tract organs with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

55
Q

What are 5 types of mesenteries?

A

Greater omentum, lesser omentum, mesentery proper, mesocolon, and peritoneal ligament

56
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

Mesentery that extends like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach and covers most abdominal organs

57
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A

Mesentery that connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the proximal end of the duodenum to the liver

58
Q

What is the mesentery proper?

A

fan-shaped mesentery of peritoneum that suspends most of the small intestines from the internal surface of the posterior abdominal wall

59
Q

What is the mesocolon?

A

Fold in the peritoneum that attaches part of the large intestines to the internal surface of the posterior abdominal wall

60
Q

What is the peritoneal ligament?

A

Type of mesentery that attaches one organ to another organ, and an organ to the abdominal wall

61
Q

What does the falciform ligament do?

A

Attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

62
Q

What are the 4 tunics that compose the GI tract from the esophagus to the large intestines?

A

Mucosa (mucous membrane), submucosa, muscularis, adventitia/serosa

63
Q

What is the mucosa membrane of the tunics?

A

Innermost layer with absorptive and secretory functions and contains epithelium, connective tissue, and smooth muscle

64
Q

What is the submucosa tunic?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that contains accumulatons of lymphatic tissue, mucin-secreting glands, large blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve plexus

65
Q

What is responsible for peristaltic movements through the GI tract?

A

Muscularis

66
Q

What do sphincters do?

A

Close off the lumen at some points in the GI tract and controls the movement of materials along the GI tract

67
Q

What is adventitia?

A

Loose connective tissue with dispersed collagen and connective tissue with dispersed collagen and elastic fibers

68
Q

What makes serosa different from adventita?

A

Serosa is also covered by a visceral peritoneum

69
Q

How does parasympathetic innervation promote digestive activity?

A

Stimulates GI gland secretions, peristalsis, and relaxation of GI sphincters

70
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

A tubular passageway for swallowing materials bring conducted from the pharynx to the stomach

71
Q

What is the esophageal hiatus?

A

Inferior region of the esophagus that connects to the stomach trough the diaphragm

72
Q

Where is most of the length of the esophagus found?

A

Within the thorax anterior to the vertebral bodies

73
Q

The esophageal has thick walls composed of concentric tunics that are continuous with what other body structures?

A

Pharynx and stomach

74
Q

When there is no bolus passing through the esophagus, what happens to it?

A

Esophagus becomes flat

75
Q

What can a bolus do to the trachealis muscle?

A

Causes the trachealis to bulge into the trachea

76
Q

What two sphincters are associated with the esophagus?

A

Superior esophageal sphincter and inferior esophageal sphincter

77
Q

What does the superior esophageal sphincter do?

A

Closes during inhalation of air so it wont enter the esophagus, but instead travel to the trachea and larynx

78
Q

What does the inferior esophageal sphincter do since its too weak to prevent materials from refluxing back into the esophagus?

A

Inferior esophageal sphincter acts as a support to prevent materials from regurgitating from the stomach not the stomach

79
Q

What is degluttion?

A

Swallowing; process of moving ingested material from the oral cavity to the stomach

80
Q

What is the stomach?

A

J-shaped sac that occupies the upper left quadrant of the abdomen inferior to the diaphragm

81
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Chemically and mechanically digest a food bolus

82
Q

What is chyme?

A

Bolus after it has been processed within the stomach and becomes a paste-like soup

83
Q

How is mechanical digestion facilitated within the stomach?

A

Contractions of the muscularis layer churns and mixes the bolus and gastric secretions

84
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

Cardia, fundus, body, and pyloris

85
Q

What is the cardia?

A

A small, narrow, superior entryway into the stomach lumen from esophagus

86
Q

What is the cardiac orifice?

A

Internal opening where the cardia meets the esophagus

87
Q

What is the fundus?

A

dome-shaped region that is lateral and superior to esophageal connection with the stomach with the superior surface touching the diaphragm

88
Q

What is the body of the stomach?

A

Largest region of the stomach inferior to cardiac orifice and fundus

89
Q

What is the pyloris?

A

Narrow, medially-directed, funnel-shaped pouch that forms the terminal region of the stomach

90
Q

What is the pyloric orifice?

A

Opening to the duodenum from the stomach

91
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

Sphincter that regulates material form entering the small intestine by closing during sympathetic innervation and opening during parasympathetic innervation

92
Q

The inferior, convex border of the stomach is the _____ while the superio, concave border is the _____

A

Greater curvature; lesser curvature

93
Q

Where does the greater omentum attach?

A

Greater curvature of the stomach

94
Q

Where does the lesser omentum extend from?

A

Lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

95
Q

What are gastric rugae (gastric folds)?

A

Found on the internal stomach lining that allows the stomach to expand when full, and return to its normal shape when empty

96
Q

What are small intestines responsible for?

A

Finishing chemical digestion and absorbing nutrients

97
Q

Why do ingested materials spend at least 12 hours within the small intestines?

A

Complete chemical digestion and maximize amount of nutrients absorbed

98
Q

How long are the small intestines in a dead who recently died?

A

20 feet long

99
Q

What artery supplies blood to the small intestines?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

100
Q

Where does venous drainage of the small intestine travel to?

A

Hepatic portal vein

101
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestines?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

102
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

10 inch long formation of the small intestines originating from pyloric sphincter

103
Q

Where does the duodenum become continuous with the jejunum?

A

Duodenojejunal flexure

104
Q

What is the major duodenal papilla?

A

Entryway for bile from the liver and pancreatic juice from the pancreas into the duodenum

105
Q

What is the jejunum?

A

2/5 of the small intestine’s entire length (roughly 7.5 ft) that is the primary region for chemical digestion and nutrient absorbtion

106
Q

What is the ileum?

A

Final 3/5 of the small intestines that terminates at the ileocecal valve

107
Q

What is the ileocecal valve?

A

A sphincter that controls entry of material into large intestines

108
Q

What are Peyer Patches?

A

Numerous aggregates of lymph nodes found on the walls of ileum

Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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