05/24/2023 Notes

Question 1

What is a tendon?

Answer 1

A connective tissue layer that forms at the end of a muscle and attaches to the bone

Question 2

What is an aponeurosis?

Answer 2

A thin, flattened sheet of tendon

Question 3

What is the origin of a muscle?

Answer 3

The less movable attachment that tends to be proximal to the insertion

Question 4

What in the insertion of a muscle?

Answer 4

More movable attachment that tends to be distal of a muscle

Question 5

What do blood vessels do in the muscle?

Answer 5

Deliver nutrients and oxygen needed for ATP production and removes waste

Question 6

Skeletal muscles are involuntary or voluntary?

Answer 6

Voluntary

Question 7

What part of the nervous system controls skeletal muscles?

Answer 7

Somatic nervous system

Question 8

What do efferent neurons (motor neurons) do?

Answer 8

Stimulate muscle contraction and innervate muscle fibers

Question 9

What do afferent neurons (sensory neurons) do?

Answer 9

Send impulses to the brain and spinal cord about activity of muscles

Question 10

What do axons do?

Answer 10

Transmit a nerve impulse to muscle fiber

Question 11

What is atrophy?

Answer 11

Wasting away of muscle fibers when they are not used

Question 12

What are fascicles?

Answer 12

Bundles of muscle fibers

Question 13

How are circular muscles arranged?

Answer 13

Concentrically around an opening or recess

Question 14

What are examples of circular muscles?

Answer 14

Sphincters, such as the orbicularis oris

Question 15

How are parallel muscles arranged?

Answer 15

Fascicles run parallel to its long axis

Question 16

Parallel muscles have a central body, also referred to as…?

Answer 16

Belly

Question 17

What are examples of parallel muscles?

Answer 17

Biceps brachii and rectus abdominis

Question 18

How are convergent muscles organized?

Answer 18

Widespread muscles that converge on a common attachment site that often resemble a broad fan (triangular shaped)

Question 19

What is an example of a convergent muscle?

Answer 19

Pectoralis Major

Question 20

What are pennate muscles?

Answer 20

Muscles that resemble a feather

Question 21

What are the three types of pennate muscles?

Answer 21

Unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate muscles

Question 22

What is a lever?

Answer 22

An elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fulcrum (fixed point)

Question 23

What is the effort arm of a lever?

Answer 23

The part of a lever form the point of the fulcrum to the point of effort

Question 24

What is the resistance arm of a lever?

Answer 24

Part of the lever from the fulcrum to the point of resistance

Question 25

The long bone acts as a lever that moves what?

Answer 25

Resistance (R)

Question 26

The joint acts as the what?

Answer 26

Fulcrum (F)

Question 27

What is generated by muscles in a lever system?

Answer 27

Effort (E)

Question 28

What is a first class lever system?

Answer 28

The fulcrum is in the middle of the effort and resistance and the movement is similar to a seesaw

Question 29

What are examples of first class lever systems?

Answer 29

Atlanto-occipital joint and triceps brachii

Question 30

What is a second class lever system?

Answer 30

The resistance is between the fulcrum and effort and the movement is similar to lifting a wheelbarrow

Question 31

What is an example of a second class lever system?

Answer 31

Contraction of calf muscles to stand on tiptoes

Question 32

What is a third class lever system?

Answer 32

The effort is between the resistance and fulcrum, and the movement is similar to a drawbridge

Question 33

What is the most common lever system in the body?

Answer 33

Third class lever system

Question 34

What are examples of a third class lever system?

Answer 34

Flexion of elbow, elevation of mandible

Question 35

What is an agonist muscle?

Answer 35

The prime mover that contracts to produce a particular movement

Question 36

What is an antagonist muscle?

Answer 36

Muscle that opposes agonist muscle; allows for control over the speed of agonist muscle for smooth movements

Question 37

What is a synergist muscle?

Answer 37

Muscle that assists the agonist

Question 38

What are some criteria that skeletal muscles are named after?

Answer 38

Muscle action, specific body region, muscle attachments, orientation of muscle fibers, muscle shape and size, muscle heads and tendons of origin, and relative position

Question 39

When does slow, progressive muscle loss start to occur?

Answer 39

In a person’s mid-30s

Question 40

What are some effects that aging has on muscles?

Answer 40

Reduction in contractile filaments which leads to atrophy, tolerance for exercise decreases, rapid fatigue, reduced capacity to recover from disease and injury, and decrease in muscle elasticity due to fibrosis

Question 41

How can aging effects on muscles be reduced?

Answer 41

Proper moderate exercise and good nutriton

Question 42

What are some functions of axial muscles?

Answer 42

Support and move the head and vertebral column
Function in nonverbal communication by affecting facial features
Move lower jaw during mastication
Aid in breathing
Support and protect abdominal and pelvic organs

Question 43

Where are the origins and insertions of axial muscles located?

Answer 43

On the axial skeleton

Question 44

What 4 muscles are involved with facial expression?

Answer 44

Occipitofrontalis, orbicularis oris, platysma, and buccinator

Question 45

What is mastication?

Answer 45

Process of chewing accomplished by muscles that move the mandible at the TMJ

Question 46

What three muscles are involved with mastication?

Answer 46

Temporalis, masseter, and Pterygoid

Question 47

What is tetanus?

Answer 47

A toxigenic would that occurs following a dirty puncture would and results in tetany (involuntary muscle contraction) that usually affects the mandible first; “lockjaw”