05/11/2023 Notes

Question 1

What are some differences between thick and thin skin?

Answer 1

Thick skin contains all 5 layers of the epidermis, but have no hair follicles or sebaceous glands. Thin skin only have 4/5 layers of the epidermis and contain hair follicles and sebaceous glands.

Question 2

What are sebaceous glands?

Answer 2

Oil glands found on the skin

Question 3

What layer of the epidermis is missing in thin skin?

Answer 3

Stratum Lucidum

Question 4

What three pigments contribute to skin color?

Answer 4

Melanin, hemoglobin, carotene

Question 5

Melanocytes synthesize what?

Answer 5

Melanin

Question 6

What shades does melanin give to the skin?

Answer 6

Yellow, red, brown, and black

Question 7

Where is hemoglobin found?

Answer 7

In red blood cells within dermal blood vessels

Question 8

What creates a reddish/pink color in the skin?

Answer 8

Hemoglobin

Question 9

What foods give skin carotene?

Answer 9

Squash, corn, carrots

Question 10

Carotene turns the skin into what color?

Answer 10

Yellow-orange

Question 11

What is carotene converted into?

Answer 11

Vitamin A

Question 12

Where does carotene accumulate?

Answer 12

Keratinocytes of stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat

Question 13

What are some examples of abnormalities in skin color? (7)

Answer 13

Albinism, vitiligo, cyanosis, acrocyanosis, pallor, jaundice, erythema

Question 14

What is caused by little to no production of melanin in the skin that results in a pale skin color over the entire body?

Answer 14

Albinism

Question 15

What is vitiligo?

Answer 15

A skin discoloration caused by lack of melanin on the skin, resulting in patches of lighter skin color

Question 16

What does cyanosis signify?

Answer 16

Poor blood oxygenation

Question 17

Where is acrocyanosis typically found?

Answer 17

In the extremities (fingers and toes)

Question 18

What is deoxyhemoglobin?

Answer 18

Poorly oxygenated hemoglobin that has a bluish tint

Question 19

What skin discoloration is signified by lack of hemoglobin or red blood cells, paleness, or anemia?

Answer 19

Pallor

Question 20

What is jaundice caused by?

Answer 20

Excess bilirubin

Question 21

What is a breakdown product of hemoglobin?

Answer 21

Bilirubin

Question 22

What can jaundice signify?

Answer 22

Liver damage from alcoholism

Question 23

What is redness of the skin?

Answer 23

Erythema

Question 24

What is another name for Livor Mortis?

Answer 24

Postmortem Lividity

Question 25

What is postmortem lividity used for?

Answer 25

Used in identifying a time of death; blanching occurs 1-2 hours after death and stops after 8 hours

Question 26

What are four types of skin markings?

Answer 26

Moles, freckles, hemangioma, and epidermal skin ridges

Question 27

What is a nevus caused by?

Answer 27

Moles are caused by excessive melanocytes

Question 28

What is melanoma?

Answer 28

Most dangerous form of skin cancer

Question 29

What is caused by overactive melanocytes that produces lots of melanin?

Answer 29

Freckles

Question 30

What is a congenital abnormality that results in skin discoloration from blood vessels that proliferate and tend to become a birthmark for life?

Answer 30

Hemangioma

Question 31

What are some examples of hemangioma?

Answer 31

Port-wine stain, salmon patches, strawberry hemangioma

Question 32

What creates epidermal skin ridges, or fingerprints?

Answer 32

Large folds and valleys of both dermal and epidermal tissue

Question 33

Where are epidermal skin ridges found?

Answer 33

Fingers, palms, toes, soles

Question 34

Do people have identical epidermal skin ridges?

Answer 34

No, the majority of people have unique epidermal skin ridges

Question 35

What is found deep to the epidermis and superficial to the hypodermis?

Answer 35

Dermis

Question 36

Blood vessels in the dermis nourish what structures?

Answer 36

Living portion of the epidermis and numerous supporting components of skin

Question 37

The dermis contains lots of what? (5)

Answer 37

Collagen, elastic fibers, blood vessels, nerves, and epithelial glands

Question 38

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Answer 38

Stratum Papillarosum (papillary layer) and Stratum Reticularosum (reticular layer)

Question 39

The stratum papillarosum contains lots of what?

Answer 39

Nerve endings

Question 40

Epidermal ridges and dermal papillae found in the papillary layer do what?

Answer 40

Increase area of contact between the dermis and epidermis

Question 41

The stratum reticularosum contains lots of what?

Answer 41

Collagen and elastic fibers that contribute to the skin's strength and elasticity

Question 42

What are some other names for stretch marks?

Answer 42

Lineae Albicantes or Striae

Question 43

How are stretch marks formed?

Answer 43

Rapid stretching of reticular layer of dermis which tears collagen fibers

Question 44

What causes skin wrinkling and sagging?

Answer 44

Aging, reduced elasticity of skin, and excessive exposure to UV light

Question 45

What are Lines of Cleavage (tension lines)?

Answer 45

Linear orientation of the skin formed by collagen and elastic fibers

Question 46

What significance to lines of cleavage hold in surgery?

Answer 46

Parallel cuts to lines of cleavage promotes healing, reduces scarring, and suturing becomes easier

Question 47

What is the common name for Decubitus Ulcers?

Answer 47

Bed sores

Question 48

How are bed sores formed?

Answer 48

Continuous pressure on a body part that reduces blood flow and results in cell death

Question 49

What are common locations for decubitus ulcers?

Answer 49

Sacrum, ischial tuberosities, and greater trochanter

Question 50

How are bed sores prevented in patients that are unable to move themselves?

Answer 50

By moving them around every two hours

Question 51

Is the hypodermis considered part of the integument?

Answer 51

No, but the hypodermis is closed associated with the integument

Question 52

What can be found in the hypodermis?

Answer 52

Adipose tissue (fat), blood vessels, and loose fibrous connective tissue

Question 53

Why is the hypodermis a good target for subcutaneous therapeutic drug injections?

Answer 53

The hypodermis has a good blood supply

Question 54

Where is the majority of fat (adipose tissue) found?

Answer 54

In the hypodermis

Question 55

What is liposuction?

Answer 55

A highly invasive procedure that sucks out fat

Question 56

Where are nails found?

Answer 56

On the distal dorsum of digits

Question 57

What are the functions of nails?

Answer 57

Protect the digits and aids in grasping small objects

Question 58

What do hardened, transparent stratum corneum form?

Answer 58

Nails

Question 59

Why do toenails grow slower than fingernails?

Answer 59

Toenails have less blood supply than fingernails