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Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy > 06/05/2023 Notes > Flashcards

06/05/2023 Notes Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two functions of the spinal cord and nerves?

A

Provide a pathway for sensory and motor impulses, and responsible for reflexes

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2
Q

What are the 5 regions of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions

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3
Q

What region of the spinal cord is continuous with the medulla oblongata?

A

Cervical region

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4
Q

Why do the regions of the spinal cord not match up with their adjacent vertebrae?

A

Vertebrae grow at a much faster rate than the spinal cord, which means the spinal cord tends to be shorter than the spine

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5
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

The tapered, narrow end of the spinal cord that marks the official end of the spinal cord and is usually found at L1

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6
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

A group of axons inferior ot the conus medullaris

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7
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

A thin strand of pia mater that anchors the conus medullaris to the coccyx

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8
Q

Why are the spinal cord regions that control the upper and lower limbs large/enlarged?

A

Due to higher numbers of neuron cell bodies, and more space is occupied by axons and dendrites

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9
Q

What is the cervical enlargement?

A

Inferior cervical region of spinal cord that contains neurons that innervate upper limbs

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10
Q

What is the lumbosacral enlargement?

A

Extends through the mid-lumbar region of the spinal cord and innervates lower limbs

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11
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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12
Q

All spinal nerves are _____ nerves.

A

Mixed

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13
Q

How many spinal nerves are in each region specifically?

A

8 cervical nerves, 12 thoracic nerves, 5 lumbar nerves, 5 sacral nerves, and 1 coccygeal nerve

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14
Q

The spinal cord meninges is _____ with the cranial meninges

A

Continuous

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15
Q

What are the structures that enclose the spinal cord, starting with the outermost layer?

A

Vertebrae, epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater

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16
Q

What can be found in the epidural space?

A

Loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue

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17
Q

Where can local anesthetic be administered prior to parturition?

A

Within the epidural space to deaden sensation from the waste downwards

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18
Q

How many layers are in the spinal dura mater?

A

1

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19
Q

What is the function of the spinal dura mater?

A

Provide stability to the spinal cord and extends between adjacent vertebrae at each intervertebral foramen

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20
Q

What fills the subarachnoid space?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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21
Q

What composes the pia mater?

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A

Elastin and collagen fibers

22
Q

What is the peripheral white matter of the spinal cord?

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A

Provides a way of neural communication to and from the brain and is composed primarily of myelinated axons

23
Q

What do the ascending tracts of the peripheral white matter do?

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A

Conduct impulses from the peripheral sensory regions of the body to the brain

24
Q

What do descending tracts do in the peripheral white matter?

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A

Conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles and glands

25
What is the central gray matter in the spinal cord responsible for?
Acts as a center for spinal reflexes
26
What is found in the gray matter of the spinal cord?
Dendrites and cell bodies of neurons and glial cells and unmyelinated axons
27
What fills the central canal, and what is the central canal continuous with?
CSF; central canal is continuous with medulla and ventricles of brain
28
What do spinal nerves connect the CNS to?
Muscles, glands, and receptors
29
What are dermatomes?
Specific segments of skin that are supplied by a spinal nerve
30
Which spinal nerve does NOT innervate a segment of skin?
C1
31
What is referred visceral pain?
Pain or discomfort from an organ that may be mistakenly referred to a dermatome
32
Why does referred visceral pain occur?
The CNS misinterprets impulses from separate sources because neurons from the same spinal segment innervate both the visceral and superficial regions
33
What are two common sites of referred visceral pain that is useful in medical diagnosis?
Cardiac Problems and Kidney Disease
34
Where can referred pain from a heart attack be felt?
Left pectoral region and/or medial side of left arm due to the heart receiving sympathetic innervation from T1-T5 of the spinal cord
35
Where can referred pain from kidney and ureter pain be felt?
Inferior abdominal wall of the groin and loin regions since the T10-L2 dermatomes overlie the same regions
36
What spinal nerves do NOT form nerve plexus?
Thoracic spinal nerves and nerves S5-Co1
37
What are nerve plexus?
Axons from various spinal nerves extend to body structures through several different branches
38
If a spinal cord/nerve is damaged, will the region that it innervates lose function?
No, since multiple nerves will go through the same area which will only result in partial loss of innervation in a muscle of region of skin
39
What are the four principal nerve plexus?
Cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral
40
What spinal nerves for the cervical nerve plexus?
Spinal nerves C1-C4 with some contribution from C5
41
What does the cervical nerve plexus innervate?
Anterior muscles of the neck, and skin of the neck with portions of the head and shoulders
42
What is the phrenic nerve and responsibilty?
Formed primarily by spinal nerve C4 with parts of C3 and C5 that innervate the diaphragm
43
What is singultus?
Hiccups
44
What are the brachial nerve plexus?
A network of spinal nerves formed from C5-T1 that innervate upper limbs
45
What do the brachial nerve plexus innervate?
Pectoral girdle and entire upper limbs
46
What 5 major nerves are found in the brachial nerve plexus?
Axillary, Median, Musculocutaneous, Radial, and Ulnar Nerves
47
What is the axillary nerve's responsibility?
Innervate deltoid and teres minor AND receives sensory info from superolateral part of the arm and skin
48
What is the median nerve's responsibility?
Innervate most anterior forearm muscles and several muscles in the palm AND receives sensory info from palmar sides of fingers 1,2,3, and lateral side of finger 4
49
What nerve is damaged by cruxifiction?
Median nerve which causes the thumb to adduct
50
What is the musculocutaneous nerve's function?
Innervates biceps brachii and other anterior arm muscles
51
What is the radial nerve's function?
Innervates triceps brachii and several other posterior arm muscles
52
What is the ulnar nerve's function?
Innervates some anterior forearm muscles and many muscles of the palm

Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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