06/12/2023 Notes

Question 1

What organ system provides a means of gas exchange required by living cells?

Answer 1

Respiratory System

Question 2

Respiratory and cardiovascular systems are _____.

Answer 2

Inseparable

Question 3

What is the anatomical organization of the respiratory system?

Answer 3

Upper and lower respiratory tracts

Question 4

What is the functional organization of the respiratory system?

Answer 4

Conducting and respiratory portions

Question 5

What does the conducting portion of the respiratory system do?

Answer 5

Transport air

Question 6

What does the respiratory portion of the respiratory system do?

Answer 6

Gas exchange in blood

Question 7

What structures compose the conducting portion of respiratory system?

Answer 7

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and progressively smaller airways (primary bronchi to terminal bronchioles)

Question 8

What structures compose the respiratory portion of respiratory system?

Answer 8

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

Question 9

What are the functions of the respiratory system? (6)

Answer 9

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
Gas exchange
“Conditions” gasses before reaching the lungs
Sound production
Sense of smell
Protect the body from airborne infections

Question 10

What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 10

Inspiration (inhalation) which draws air into the lungs and expiration (exhalation) which forces air out

Question 11

_____ diffuses into blood while _____ diffuses out the blood.

Answer 11

Oxygen; carbon dioxide

Question 12

How is air conditioned before reaching the lungs?

Answer 12

Air is warmed to body temperature, humidified, and cleansed

Question 13

What other structures aid in sound production beside the lungs and larynx?

Answer 13

Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, teeth, lips, and tongue

Question 14

What covers the superior region of the nasal cavity and aids in sense of smell?

Answer 14

Olfactory epithelium that detects inhaled molecules that dissolves in the mucus

Question 15

How does the respiratory system protect the body against airborne infections?

Answer 15

Coarse hairs in the nose, twisted passageways that trap insects and microbes, and numerous cells that produce mucus and lysozymes

Question 16

What does mucus do?

Answer 16

Trap inhaled dust, microbes, insects, and pollen

Question 17

What are lysozymes?

Answer 17

Enzymes that destroyed microbial cell walls

Question 18

What structures compose the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 18

Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx (throat), and associated structures

Question 19

What is the main conducting pathway for inhaled air?

Answer 19

Nose

Question 20

What are external nares?

Answer 20

Nostrils open on the inferior surface of the nose

Question 21

What bones form the bridge of the nose and support the nose?

Answer 21

Nasal bones

Question 22

Through internal nares, the nasal cavity is continuous with what?

Answer 22

Nasopharynx

Question 23

What bones form the roof of the nasal cavity? (4)

Answer 23

frontal bones, nasal bones, cribriform plate, and sphenoid bone

Question 24

What bones form the floor of the nasal cavity? (2)

Answer 24

Horizontal plate of maxillae and horizontal potions of the palatine bones

Question 25

What is the area near the anterior region of the nasal cavity near the nostrils called?

Answer 25

Vestibule

Question 26

What are the coarse hairs near the vestibule that trap large particles called?

Answer 26

Vibrissae

Question 27

What does the mucus and ciliated epithelium in the nasal cavity do?

Answer 27

Move dust and debris towards the nasopharynx

Question 28

What divides the nasal cavity into left and right portions?

Answer 28

Nasal septum

Question 29

What 3 structures form the nasal septum?

Answer 29

Septal cartilage (anterior), perpendicular plate (superior), and vomer bone (posterior)

Question 30

What is another name for turbinates that form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?

Answer 30

Conchae

Question 31

What do conchae do?

Answer 31

Create turbulence in inhaled air, which makes the air stay in the nasal cavity for a longer time to get warmed and humidified

Question 32

The superior and middle nasal conchae are part of what bone? What about the inferior nasal conchae?

Answer 32

Superior and middle nasal conchae are part of the ethmoid while the inferior nasal conchae are independent bones

Question 33

What do the paranasal sinuses do for the skull?

Answer 33

Reduce the weight of the skull

Question 34

What are the four paranasal sinuses?

Answer 34

Frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary sinuses

Question 35

What is the pharynx?

Answer 35

The throat is a common, funnel-shaped space used by both the respiratory and digestive system that is a common pathway for air and ingested foods

Question 36

What do flexible lateral walls in the pharynx do?

Answer 36

Are distensible to force swallowed food into the esophagus

Question 37

What are the 3 different regions found in the pharynx?

Answer 37

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharyx

Question 38

What is the nasopharynx?

Answer 38

Superior region of the pharynx lined with ciliated epithelium that usually only allows the passage of air

Question 39

What blocks food and drink from entering the nasopharynx?

Answer 39

Elevation of the soft palate and uvula

Question 40

What connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear, and what is the purpose of it?

Answer 40

Auditory (eustachian) tubes help to equalize air pressure behind the eardrum

Question 41

Where are adenoids located?

Answer 41

Pharyngeal tonsils are located in the posterior nasopharynx wall

Question 42

What is the oropharynx?

Answer 42

Middle pharyngeal region that is a common respiratory and digestive pathway for both air and swallowed food/drink

Question 43

What is found in the oropharynx that provide the first line of defense against ingest/inhaled foreign materials?

Answer 43

Lymphatic organs (palatine and lingual tonsils)

Question 44

What is the laryngopharynx?

Answer 44

Inferior region of the pharynx that is continuous with the larynx and esophagus

Question 45

Why is there only strong epithelium with no cilia in the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

Answer 45

Permit the passage of swallowed food and drink

Question 46

Where in the pharynx does food tend to get stuck and block breathing?

Answer 46

Laryngopharynx

Question 47

What structures compose the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 47

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and associated structures (conducting airways) and respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli (respiratory portion)

Question 48

What is the larynx?

Answer 48

A short, cylindrical airway that prevents swallowed materials from entering lower respiratory tract, conducts air into lower respiratory tract, and produces sound

Question 49

How many pieces of cartilage is found in the larynx that form the anterior and lateral walls?

Answer 49

9

Question 50

What is the laryngeal prominence?

Answer 50

Adam's apple that is stimulated by testosterone to grow larger and becomes more prominent in males after puberty

Question 51

What is the cricoid cartilage?

Answer 51

Ring-shaped hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior base of the larynx and connects to the trachea inferiorly

Question 52

What does the cricothyroid cartilage do?

Answer 52

Attach cricoid cartilage to inferior edge of the thyroid cartilage

Question 53

Where is the cricothyroid cartilage found?

Answer 53

4 fingers above the sternal notch

Question 54

What is a cricothyrotomy?

Answer 54

An emergency airway opened in the larynx by making an incision through the cricothyroid ligament with an initial vertical incision though the skin followed with a horizontal incision through the cricothyroid ligament

Question 55

What is the large, spoon/leaf-shaped structure formed of elastic cartilage in the larynx called?

Answer 55

Epiglottis

Question 56

What does the epiglottis do?

Answer 56

Closes the laryngeal opening while swallowing to prevent materials from entering the larynx

Question 57

What happens to the epiglottis during and after swallowing?

Answer 57

During swallowing, the larynx elevates and moves forward while the epiglottis moves backwards to block the glottis, and afterwards everything moves back to its initial position

Question 58

What are vestibular folds?

Answer 58

Superior ligaments (vestibular ligaments) and the mucous membrane covering them; also called False vocal cords since they have no function in sound production

Question 59

What are true vocal cords?

Answer 59

Vocal ligaments (inferior ligaments) and the mucous membranes covering them that produce sound when air passes through

Question 60

What is the opening between the vocal folds called?

Answer 60

Rima glottidis

Question 61

What is the glottis?

Answer 61

Both the rima glottidis and vocal folds

Question 62

What is affected by the length of vocal cords?

Answer 62

Range of voice

Question 63

Longer vocal cords produce what sounds?

Answer 63

Lower sounds

Question 64

What does testosterone do the the length of vocal cords?

Answer 64

Make vocal cords longer and thicker, which explains deeper voices

Question 65

What is determined by tension/tautness on vocal cords?

Answer 65

Pitch/frequency of voice

Question 66

What does increased tension on vocal cords do?

Answer 66

Make the vocal folds vibrate more when air passes by to produce a higher sound

Question 67

What does the force of air passing across the vocal folds determine?

Answer 67

Loudness of voice

Question 68

Only the _____ portion of the rima glottidis is open and the vocal cords do not vibrate during whispering.

Answer 68

Posterior

Question 69

Whispering sounds all of the same _____.

Answer 69

pitch

Question 70

What creates the "cracking" sound in a person's voice during puberty?

Answer 70

Laryneal cartilages and vocal cords grow rapidly

Question 71

Children have smaller _____ which produce higher sounds.

Answer 71

Vocal Cords

Question 72

Recognizable speech requires the participation of what other structures?

Answer 72

Pharynx, nasal and oral cavities, paranasal sinuses, lips, and tongue