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Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy > 05/16/2023 Notes > Flashcards

05/16/2023 Notes Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

What is ossification (osteogenesis)?

A

Formation and development of bone connective tissue

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2
Q

What are the two methods of ossification?

A

Intramembranous Ossification and Endochondral Ossification

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3
Q

What bones are formed from intramembranous ossification?

A

Flat bones of the skull, zygomatic bones, maxilla, mandible, central part of clavicle, and sesamoid bones

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4
Q

What form of ossification forms the majority of the skeleton (upper and lower limbs, pelvis, vertebrae, and ends of clavicles)?

A

Endochondral Ossification

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5
Q

During the first 8-12 weeks of fetal development, the hyaline cartilage model is formed from what?

A

Chondroblasts that secrete cartilage matrix

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6
Q

Cartilage cells in the center of the shaft increase in size and minerals are deposited via…?

A

Calcification

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7
Q

What is the periosteal bone collar?

A

A thin plate of bone that surrounds the cartilage during the initial steps of calcification in the hyaline cartilage model

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8
Q

What is the primary ossification center

A

A region where bone replaces cartilage in the center of the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage and starts bone development in both directions to the epiphyses

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9
Q

What are secondary ossification centers?

A

Similar to the primary ossification centers, but occurs in the proximal and distal epiphysis

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10
Q

Calcification continues until what cartilage remains in the hyaline cartilage model?

A

Articular cartilage and hyaline cartilage found in epiphyseal growth plates

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11
Q

Bone will grow in _____ as long as there is mitotic activity in the hyaline cartilage

A

Length

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12
Q

Around the ages of _____, epiphyseal growth plates will ossify and leave behind _____?

A

18-20; epiphyseal line

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13
Q

Is bone remodeling a continuous process?

A

Yes, it occurs throughout a person’s lifetime

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14
Q

What causes the growth of bone tissue in width?

A

Pulling on the periosteum which activates osteoblasts to secrete osteoid

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15
Q

How were Roman soldiers identified in the remains of Pompeii?

A

Their left arm bones were thickened from carrying shields

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16
Q

How do braces work in straightening teeth?

A

Activate osteoclasts and osteoblasts from the stress of tightening wires

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17
Q

What allows the entry of blood vessels and nerves into the bone?

A

Nutrient Foramen

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18
Q

Blood vessels that enter the bone through the nutrient foramen do what?

A

Bring oxygen and nutrients to the metabolically-active bone cells

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19
Q

What detects and signals injuries to the bone?

A

Nerves

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20
Q

What two hormones stimulate epiphyseal growth plates?

A

Growth hormone (somatotropin) and Sex hormones (testosterone/estrogen)

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21
Q

Where is somatotropin produced?

A

In the anterior portion of the pituitary gland

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22
Q

What hormones are secreted in great amounts during puberty that dramatically accelerates bone growth at epiphyseal growth plates?

A

Estrogen and Testosterone

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23
Q

What three vitamins have an effect on bone growth?

A

Vitamin A, C, and D

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24
Q

What vitamin activates osteoblasts?

A

Vitamin A

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25
What does Vitamin C do to bones?
It is required for the synthesis of collagen
26
Vitamin D stimulates the absorption and transports what molecules?
Calcium and phosphate ions
27
A lack of Vitamin D in children can result in what?
Rickets
28
Exercise _____ bones
Strengthen
29
What is a concern in astronauts and bed-ridden patients?
Weakened bones that are susceptible to breaking due to lack of exercise
30
Moderate weight training does what to the bone?
Strengthen bones
31
What are the most common injuries to bones?
Fractures
32
What are thin breaks in the bone caused by increased physical activity in which the bone experiences repetitive loads?
Stress Fractures
33
What are pathological fractures?
Spontaneous fractures that occur in bones weakened by disease
34
What are eight examples of fractures?
Closed, open, comminuted, spiral, greenstick, depressed, displaced, non-displaced fractures
35
How do closed and open fractures vary?
Closed fractures do not break the skin, but open fractures break open the skin
36
What type of fracture is seen in bones that are splintered into multiple pieces?
Comminuted fractures
37
What are spiral fractures?
Bones that are broken with twisting movement that causes helical cracking
38
Greenstick fractures are identified by what?
Incomplete break with bowing of the bone
39
In a depressed fracture, portions of the bone are driven _____?
Inward
40
If a fracture is displaced, what does that mean?
The fragments of the bone are out of proper alignment
41
If fragments of the bone are in anatomical alignment, what type of fracture is it?
Non-displaced fracture
42
What are the four steps in healing a fracture?
Formation of a fracture hematoma, formation of a fibrocartilage callus, replacement of the fibrocartilage callus with a bony callus, bone remodeling
43
What do projections on bones indicate?
Sites of tendon/ligament attachment
44
Sites of articulations are _____?
Smooth
45
What bone marking indicate where blood vessels and nerves lie alongside/penetrate the bone?
Depressions, grooves, and tunnels
46
Condyles, facets, and heads are examples of what bone marking?
Articulating surfaces
47
What are examples of depressions in bone markings?
Alveolus and fossa
48
What are seven examples of projections in bony markings?
Crest, epicondyle, process, spine, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity
49
Fissures, foramen, and sinus are examples of what bone markings?
Openings and spaces
50
What are the two ways that aging affects the skeletal system?
Decrease in tensile strength sue to reduced rates of protein synthesis that decreases organic compounds of bone matrix AND demineralization
51
Why does the skeleton become more susceptible to fractures with age?
It becomes more brittle due to the increased percentage of inorganic compounds and decreased percentage of organic compounds
52
What is osteopenia?
Skeleton becomes thinner and weaker as a result of losing calcium and other minerals
53
What do the bones of the skeleton do?
Form a framework that supports soft tissue, protects vital organs, bears the weight of the body, and aid in movement
54
How many bones are there in the average adult body?
Approximately 206
55
Why do children tend to have more bones then adults?
Their bones have not fused together yet
56
What are the two parts of the skeleton?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
57
What are the four sets of paranasal sinuses located in the nasal cavity?
Sphenoid, Maxillary, Frontal, and Ethmoidal
58
What function do frontal sinuses have?
Lessen the weight of the skull, moisten inhaled air, and gives resonance to the voice
59
Does everyone develop frontal sinuses?
No
60
The middle and inner ear chambers are inferior to the cranial cavity and house the organs of...?
Hearing and balance
61
Paranasal sinuses and ear chambers are susceptible to _____.
Infections
62
The sagittal suture separates what bones?
Parietal bones into left and right
63
What suture separates the frontal bone from the parietal bones?
Coronal suture
64
What suture separates the temporal bones and parietal bones?
Squamosal suture (sqaumous suture)
65
The lamboidal suture seperates what bones?
Parietal bones and occipital bone
66
What cranial bone is referred to as the "bridging bone"?
Sphenoid bone
67
Sphenoidal sinuses are hollow and contain many foramina, which puts it at risk of what?
Fractures by traumatic movement of the brain
68
What does the sella turcica hold?
The pituitary gland
69
Traumatic shifting may do what to the pituitary stalk?
Sever the pituitary stalk

Biology 2320 - Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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