05/09/2023 Notes

Question 1

What does anterior (ventral) mean?

Answer 1

In front of; front

Question 2

What does posterior (dorsal) mean?

Answer 2

In back of; behind

Question 3

What does superior (cranial; rostral) mean?

Answer 3

Above; towards the top

Question 4

What does inferior (caudal) mean?

Answer 4

Below; towards the bottom

Question 5

What does medial mean?

Answer 5

Towards the midline of the body

Question 6

What does lateral mean?

Answer 6

Away from the midline of the body

Question 7

What does internal mean?

Answer 7

Deep; away from the surface

Question 8

What does external mean?

Answer 8

Superficial; towards the surface

Question 9

What does proximal mean?

Answer 9

Closest to point of attachment to trunk or midline or closest to any point of reference that is given

Question 10

What does distal mean?

Answer 10

Furthest from point of attachment to trunk or midline or furthest from any point of reference that is given

Question 11

What composes the axial region?

Answer 11

Head, neck, and trunk

Question 12

What composes the appendicular region?

Answer 12

Upper and lower extremities (arms and legs)

Question 13

The head is made up of which two regions?

Answer 13

Cranial region and Facial region

Question 14

The cranial region protects and supports what organ?

Answer 14

Brain

Question 15

What is included in the facial region?

Answer 15

Eyes, nose, and mouth

Question 16

What is the purpose of the cervical region?

Answer 16

Supports the head

Question 17

What regions compose the trunk (torso)?

Answer 17

Thoracic region (chest/thoracic), Abdominal region, Pelvic region

Question 18

What four regions are found in the thoracic region?

Answer 18

Mammary regions (breasts), Sternal region (sternum), Axillary region (armpits), and Vertebral region (spine)

Question 19

What is the navel also referred to as?

Answer 19

Umbilicus

Question 20

What does Cullen’s Sign demonstrate?

Answer 20

Intra-abdominal bleeding (peritoneal or retroperitoneal bleeding)

Question 21

What four areas are found in the pelvic region?

Answer 21

Perineum, Lumbar region, Sacral region, Gluteal region

Question 22

What is the midline of the gluteal region called?

Answer 22

Natal cleft

Question 23

What are two common areas for intramuscular (IM) injections?

Answer 23

Gluteal region and Deltoid region

Question 24

What are the four regions of the arm?

Answer 24

Deltoid region (shoulder), Brachium region (upper arm), Antebrachium region (forearm), Manus (hand)

Question 25

Where is the elbow located?

Answer 25

Between the antebrachium and brachium

Question 26

What is the small depression located on the front of the elbow?

Answer 26

Anterior Cubital Fossa (antecubital fossa)

Question 27

The antecubital fossa is a good region to do what?

Answer 27

Remove venous blood or inject medications

Question 28

What region is located posterior to the anterior cubital fossa?

Answer 28

Olecranal Region

Question 29

What is located between the antebrachium and manus?

Answer 29

Wrist

Question 30

What are the five areas of the leg?

Answer 30

Coxal region (hip), Femoral region (thigh; upper leg), Knee, Crural region (lower leg), Foot

Question 31

Which two regions compose the knee?

Answer 31

Patellar region (front of knee; patella) and Popliteal region (back of knee; small depression)

Question 32

What is the prominent, bony ridge on the front of the crural region?

Answer 32

Shin

Question 33

What is the calf?

Answer 33

A muscular mass on the back of the crural region

Question 34

Where is the ankle located?

Answer 34

Between the crural region and foot

Question 35

Where are plantar warts found?

Answer 35

On the plantar surface of the foot

Question 36

What region does Achondroplastic Dwarfism affect?

Answer 36

The appendicular regions

Question 37

How does the Ilizarov Technique lengthen a bone?

Answer 37

Surgically breaking a bone and attaching a machine to extend the bone by promoting osteoblast growth

Question 38

What does the posterior body cavity contain?

Answer 38

Brain and spinal cord

Question 39

What two cavities are found within the posterior body cavity?

Answer 39

Cranial cavity and Vertebral cavity

Question 40

What two cavities are found within the ventral body cavity?

Answer 40

Thoracic cavity and Abdominopelvic cavity

Question 41

What cavity is the mediastinum found? What does it contain?

Answer 41

Thoracic cavity; heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several major blood vessels

Question 42

What body structure separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

Answer 42

Diaphragm

Question 43

What structure lines the surface of both the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

Answer 43

Serous membranes

Question 44

What is a serous membrane?

Answer 44

A double-layered membrane composed of a parietal layer and visceral layer separated by a serous cavity with lubricating serous fluid

Question 45

What is the pericardium?

Answer 45

A serous membrane with an additional fibrous layer that surrounds the heart in the thoracic cavity. It has both the pericardial sac and epicardium. It also contains a pericardial cavity that contains serous fluids.

Question 46

What are pleura?

Answer 46

A serous membrane that lines the left and right sides of the thoracic cavity that contains the lungs.

Question 47

What composes the pericardial sac?

Answer 47

The outer fibrous layer and parietal pericardium

Question 48

What composes the epicardium?

Answer 48

The visceral pericardium

Question 49

What does the parietal pleura attach to?

Answer 49

Chest wall and superior surface of diaphragm

Question 50

What covers the external surface of the lungs?

Answer 50

Visceral pleura

Question 51

What is the serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity called?

Answer 51

Peritoneum

Question 52

What does the parietal peritoneum line?

Answer 52

Internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

Question 53

What does the visceral peritoneum line?

Answer 53

Ensheath the surface of the majority of digestive organs

Question 54

What is the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 54

The space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum that contains serous fluids

Question 55

Where are the three potential spaces found?

Answer 55

Peritoneal cavity, pleural cavity, and pericardial cavity

Question 56

Which organs are not surrounded by the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 56

Kidneys, pancreas, duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum, bladder

Question 57

What technique is used to detect trauma in abdominal organs?

Answer 57

Peritoneal Lavage

Question 58

What cavities do mucous membranes line?

Answer 58

Respiratory tract, Digestive tract, Urinary tract, and Reproductive tract

Question 59

How are mucous membranes different from serous membranes?

Answer 59

Mucous membranes open up to the outside of the body

Question 60

What are some other cavities in the head?

Answer 60

Buccal cavity (oral cavity), Nasal cavity, Orbital cavities, and Middle ear cavities