Lecture 28

Question 1

what areas of function is affected through cognitive decline

Answer 1

memory and executive function

Question 2

what is an example of brain structure changes when someone undergoes cognitive decline

Answer 2

cerebral regions shrink

Question 3

difficulties in emotional and social contexts, lead to increased _______

Answer 3

rates of depression

Question 4

music can do three things, what are these three positive things

Answer 4

1. activate numerous networks of brain regions
2. enhance plasticity
3. enhance various kinds of cognitive abilities

Question 5

improvement in executive function, language, speech perception, etc… is associated with what ERP changes

Answer 5

increased N2 and P3 amplitudes

Question 6

better cognitive reserve protects us against _____

Answer 6

age related changes

Question 7

what is associated with a reduction in our risk profile

Answer 7

experience with foreign language

Question 8

stimulating life experiences (such as what) are associated with _____

Answer 8

educational, career, socializing -> greater resilience to age related diseases such as dementia

Question 9

under going musical training as a youth is related to what

Answer 9

lower risk of having a mild cognitive impairment diagnosis

Question 10

explain the results from the twin studies on effects of musical expertise

Answer 10

when one twin plays an instrument, and the other does not -> the one who does is less likely to develop a mild cognitive impairment or dementia

Question 11

true or false - cross sectional studies are the best way to determine the benefits if participation in music

Answer 11

false - there are limitations

Question 12

describe the results of Pascual Leone’s study on learning a five finger sequence on a keyboard

Answer 12

after 5 days of training -> showed changes in brain function -> greater activation of superior partial cortex -> better sensorimotor integration

Question 13

true or false - enhanced performance on cognitive tasks was reported for participants who took 2 months of piano lessons

Answer 13

false - took 6 months of piano lessons

Question 14

what are some limitations of short term training studies

Answer 14

1. small sample sizes
2. different forms of control conditions
3. lack long term follow up data

Question 15

what are some factors that influence higher incidences of depression or loneliness

Answer 15

losing a loved one, retirement, hormonal changes, physical and/or cognitive decline

Question 16

musical activities involved various kinds of social function, such as…

Answer 16

empathy, sense of belonging, cooperation

Question 17

there is evidence that music can help older individuals with what?

Answer 17

connect with others, increase self esteem, and decrease feelings of isolation and experience spirituality

Question 18

Laukka conducted a survey on the benefits and uses of music… what were the results

Answer 18

1. positive emotions were the most commonly reported emotional response to music
2. used music to address psychological needs -> identity, belonging and agency

Question 19

positive emotions and psychological needs are predictors of ____

Answer 19

well being

Question 20

listening to relaxing music before bedtime has been found to improve/decrease ______

Answer 20

improve sleep quality, duration, efficiency
decrease sleep disorder effects

Question 21

what were the results of Chan, Chan, Mok, Tse and Yuk experiment on listening to music before bedtime

Answer 21

1. reduced depression scores
2. reduced heart rate, BP and respiratory rate