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PSYCH 302 > Lecture 25 > Flashcards

Lecture 25 Flashcards

1
Q

what do birds need to do to master a song?

A

learn to sing song themselves and be able to hear themselves throughout the learning process

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2
Q

whats the process in birds to learn a song?

A
  • internalize mental representation of song then retrieve during practice to assess own performance
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3
Q

can birds learn songs accurately if deaf?

A

if they become deaf after hearing the song of a conspecific then yes but if deaf then trying to learn to sing then unable to sing accurately

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4
Q

how does performance monitoring work in songbords?

A

create a template of the songs that are retrieved during performance and compare it to the actual signal to check whether intended and actual output are the same

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5
Q

what is needed to do behavioral corrections?

A

error signals

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6
Q

difficulty in songbirds to master a song without hearing themselves is parallel to ________ ___________ in deaf children

A

language acquisition

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7
Q

what are songbirds a good model of?

A

human speech learning which proves to be valuable bc vocal learning that is complex is rare in animal kingdom

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8
Q

what is the network of brain structures in songbirds referred to as?

A

song system

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9
Q

what regions are part of the song system?

A

planning/executing motor commands- motor control
perceptual learning sounds - processing auditory info
evaluating auditory feedback- evaluating auditory feedback

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10
Q

what does the motor pathway consist of?

A

HVc and RA

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11
Q

what does the HVc and RA correlate to?

A

song production

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12
Q

what do lesions in HVc/RA nuclei do?

A

prevent normal learning of songs and muteness

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13
Q

whats the purpose of HVc?

A

encode higher-level song structure
- separating the beginning, middle and end of a song

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14
Q

what does microstimulation to HVc cause?

A

birds to restart song

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15
Q

what’s the purpose of RA?

A

encode more local-level info
- individual notes

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16
Q

what does microstimulation of RA cause?

A

changes the way individual notes sound

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17
Q

what is the Field L complex comparable to?

A

PAC

18
Q

what does the Field L complex do

A

has highly specialized neurons that are tuned to respond to songbird’s own song

19
Q

what is the anterior forebrain pathway comparable to?

A

basal-ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop

20
Q

what do lesions in AFP affect?

A

prevent acquisition of new song

21
Q

what is Area X similar to?

A

basal ganglia

22
Q

where do pathways carry info to?

A

forwards (feedforward) and backwards (feedback)
- without feedback then there is incomplete conscious awareness
- forwards is for visual perception

23
Q

what does heavy involvement of dopaminergic neurons do?

A

performance monitoring and error signals

24
Q

what does DLM parallel?

A

thalamus

25
Q

what does LMAN parallel?

A

frontal cortex

26
Q

what are some evidences that show predispositions towards learning songs of conspecifics?

A
  • increase heart rate and produce more begging calls when exposed to songs of conspecifics
  • preference to learn songs from conspecifics over others
  • develop songs that retains some species-specific characteristics when raised in isolation
27
Q

what do human infants have predisposition towards?

A

faces
- genetic

28
Q

why is the sensitive period important?

A

changes caused by early exposure to specific languages
- important for speaking/understanding language so will be be able to be recognized/reproduced if learned before adolescence

29
Q

describe the critical window in songbirds

A

exposure to songs after a certain developmental window never become learned and integrated into their song repertoire

30
Q

what happened to birds raised in isolation for 100 days?

A

when exposed to conspecifics they don’t typically develop “normal” songs

31
Q

what is sensory learning?

A
  • internalizing a mental representation of a song you hear
32
Q

what is sensorimotor learning?

A

learning how to reproduce a song yourself

33
Q

what are closed-learners?

A

more fixed windows in which they are able to learn new songs
- more constraint
- zebra finches and white-crowned sparrows

34
Q

what are open-learners?

A

capable of learning new songs at various points throughout life
- canaries and starlings
- seasonal cycle

35
Q

why are there differences in abilities between open and closed learners?

A

hormone profiles
- testosterone fluctuate with changes in sensorimotor learning (higher in spring when new songs may be easily learned)
- experimentally depleting testosterone can impair song crystallization (transformation of newly learned mental representation into more durable form)

36
Q

what increases singing behavior?

A

androgens
- enhancements to motor performance

37
Q

what modulates plasticity?

A

structural changes, electrophysiological changes

38
Q

does neurogenesis occur in humans?

A

yes
- adult human brain undergoes robust neurogenesis in hippocampus and olfactory bulb

39
Q

what did Goldman and Nottebohm report?

A

HVc experiences significant neurogenesis with rates often changing with seasons

40
Q

what can induce neurogenesis?

A

pharmaceutical manipulations
environmental factors
- interact with seasonality

41
Q

what do songbirds model?

A

specific experimental advantages
- fast development
- abdundance
- diversity
- ease at which various kinds of measures can be taken

42
Q

what is a limitation to using songbirds?

A

the divergence in the evolutionary timelines can make their study less generalizable to humans compared to rats or other non-human primates
- differences can also serve to highlight relevant mechanisms that mediate human experience

PSYCH 302 (31 decks)

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