Lecture 22 Flashcards

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1
Q

music in a familiar style is found to be both ______ and _____

A

easier to process and more preferred

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2
Q

true or false - people tend to prefer music from a variety of cultures

A

false - they tend to prefer music from their own culture

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3
Q

define enculturation

A

gradual acquisition of the norms of a culture or group by a person or another culture

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4
Q

what is one advantage of enculturation

A

we tend to get better at processing music from cultural traditions we are exposed to

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5
Q

what are the two processes that lead to neural plasticity

A

experience expectant and dependent processes

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6
Q

what is an example of experience expectant processes

A

learning any language we are exposed to

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7
Q

what is an example of experience dependent processes

A

when we learn ti perceive or reproduce sounds of speech from a language

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8
Q

by the age of __ , there are as many as 50% more synapses in a brain region, compared to _____

A

2 ; adulthood

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9
Q

how does our experiences in life influence neural pruning

A

they are understood to play a significant role in determining the exact layout that these connections will take

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10
Q

how many synapses are there in the cerebral cortex

A

10^14

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11
Q

what are some of the factors Kolb and Gibb suggested that influence neural pruning

A

sensory/motor experiences, gonadal hormones, relationships, stress, diet, psychoactive drugs

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12
Q

beyond pruning, ______, _______ and ______ play a role in fine tuning the brain

A

creation of new synapses, neurogenesis and strengthening/weakening of synapses

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13
Q

true or false - engaging in the same action once or twice strengthens neural connection

A

false - repeatedly engaging in it helps strengthen the connection

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14
Q

along with practicing strengthening the neural connection, what else is important

A

myelination

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15
Q

explain the quote “ the brain places restrictions on itself such that what is learned limits what can be learned”

A

-> reduction in flexibility
-> as we internalize musical conventions from our own culture, processing and responding to different rhythmic structures could be difficult

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16
Q

during what trimester are fetuses able to respond to external environment sounds

A

last trimester

17
Q

what is an important feature of a newborn as young as 1-3 days

A

they are able to respond to music with activation in both hemispheres

18
Q

tonal music from western music activates which hemisphere

A

right

19
Q

based on ERP responses, newborn babies can do 4 things… what are these

A
  1. process musical pitch intervals
  2. detect beats
  3. distinguish pitch from timbre
  4. create expectations from tonal patterns
20
Q

what was found to be larger in 4 or 5 year olds that leaned Suzuki music

A

auditory evoked potentials

21
Q

mehr, song and spelke conducted a study on 5 month old infants and how they react to songs sung by different relations or people… what were the results (what procedure did they use)

A

-> looking time procedure
-> infants found they have a bias towards the sung sung by parent
-> speaks to social significance between songs sung by parents and its social meaning