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PSYCH 302 > Lecture 29 > Flashcards

Lecture 29 Flashcards

1
Q

what does musical interventions improve?

A

quality of life by decreasing depression and anxiety

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2
Q

what is one symptom of dementia, what is it correlated to and what is the outcome of having this symptom?

A

apathy
- severity correlated to extent of cog decline which causes reduction of daily activities

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3
Q

what can musical interventions do to apathy levels?

A

reduce them

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4
Q

what are apathy levels associated with?

A

reductions in dopamine
- one mechanism by which musical interventions can alleviate related symptoms and increase dopaminergic activity

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5
Q

what were the results of the Clement study related to the comparison of music and cooking as a form of intervention in dementia patients?

A
  • no difference was found in short-term follow up
  • more pos emotions associated with music in a long-term follow up
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6
Q

what were the results of the Narme study related to the comparison of music and cooking as a form of intervention in dementia patients?

A
  • both groups had improved quality of life in diff ways
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7
Q

the results from the Clement and Narme study were mediated by what term?

A

pleasantness
- depending on what the person likes to do, pleasantness will vary

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8
Q

what were the results of the Ueda et al. study where they studied the effects of music therapy on dementia patients?

A
  • small effects on behavioral symptoms
  • moderate effects on anxiety
  • large effects that lasted longer than 3 months
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9
Q

what is a potential implication about the role of duration of therapy sessions?

A
  • sometimes results arent shown immediately nor do they last long
  • sometimes results are shown after a period of time
  • hard to gauge when it comes to these studies
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10
Q

Irish et al. studied Alzheimer patients and healthy patients in the ability to recall autobiographical memories while listening to music or in silence -> what were the results?

A
  • recall better for AD patients in music condition
  • no difference in overall arousal (measured using GSR)
  • no difference in errors in SART paradigm (sustained attention to response task: no-go/go task)
  • patient population showed clear effects while control didnt
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11
Q

why was there overprescription occurring during the pandemic and why was this a problem?

A
  • increase in anti-psychotic drugs prescriptions for depression so that people could get through the day -> some people went from having a social life to sitting around all day so they needed drugs to get through the loneliness
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12
Q

what does listening to background music while doing tasks allow for old people to do?

A

do better on tasks involving word fluency, working/declarative memory, processing speed

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13
Q

why do we do better on tasks when there is music playing?

A

mood and /or physiological arousal

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14
Q

what are some cognitive processes spared in AD and why?

A
  • encoding/retrieving
  • musical memory
    -> parts of the brain associated with musical memory are unaffected by early stages of disease
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15
Q

what did Ferreri and Verga hypothesize about music affected AD?

A
  • music may provide an anchor for verbal info
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16
Q

what is the purpose of autobiographical memories?

A
  • contributes to the sense of purpose in life
  • clear link to sense of well-being
    -> music is back door into the memory system and how we encode/retrieve memories
17
Q

why are there discrepancies between whether singing improves or does not improve memory recall?

A
  • methodological differences
  • some use one single session while others use many points over time which can have effects within gen population
18
Q

what has music show to benefit in term of kind of memory?

A

non-verbal forms of memory

19
Q

Moussard et al. tested whether AD patients could learn sequence of gestures when performed in tie to music or metronome ->results?

A
  • patients performed better in music condition only if tested immediately after learning phase and not after 10 min delay
    -> could be bc parts of the brain dealing with musical representations are less broken down by AD
    -> methodology plays a role in this too
20
Q

what could play a role in recall immediately or after some period of time in AD patients?

A
  • some representations and thought could be still in the WM/STM and havent been consolidated in LTM yet so that can play a role in whether they recall or not`
21
Q

which condition in AD patients had better quality autobiographical memories?

A

condition in which music was listened to prior to recall

22
Q

how can autobiographical memory retrieval be operationalized?

A
  • complexity of grammatical structure
  • speed of recall
  • content specificity
23
Q

what was Foster able to conclude about cafeteria noise?

A

more general effect of auditory stimulation
- arousal as a mediating variable

24
Q

when did El Haj et al. find better performance for retrieving memories?

A

when able to select their own music

25
Q

what is associated with autobiographical memories?

A

higher emotional content when accompanying music chosen by individuals
-> shows importance of individual differences in tailoring treatment approach for patient populations

26
Q

what is music able to modulate?

A

emotion

27
Q

Baird and Samson tested efficacy of music evoked autobiographical memories (MEAMs) in patients with brain injuries -> what were the results?

A
  • 1 person reported no music evoked autobiographical memories and no autobiographical details in AMI -> had impaired pitch perception which can limit ability to use music to evoke autobiographical memories
  • 4 patients had similar autobiographical details as matched controls -> 3 out of 4 documented deficits related to verbal and/or visual based memory showing an “alternate” route to which memories can be accessed
28
Q

what did the MEAMs show in the Baird and Samson study?

A

people focused on one period of time in their lives
-> 3 out of 5 MEAM were more effective at including memory recall than verbal prompts

PSYCH 302 (31 decks)

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