Lecture 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

what does executive function refer to

A

cognitive abilities, self control, attention, working memory and cognitive flexibility

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2
Q

when knowledge and skills from ice hockey is transferred to street hockey, what is this an example of

A

near transfer

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3
Q

when knowledge and skills from ice hockey is transferred to writing exams, what is this an example of

A

far transfer

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4
Q

what is the Mozart effect based on early reports

A

there is improved performance in cognitive tasks if done while listening to music

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5
Q

there have been some changes to the Mozart effect, what are these

A

listening to music could have positive effects on mood and arousal

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6
Q

OPERA stands for what

A

overlap, precision, emotion, repetition and attention

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7
Q

what does the OPERA hypothesis say

A

it says musical training can enhance our encoding

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8
Q

is there any evidence for near transfer

A

yes -> better pitch perception correlated with better performance on phonemic awareness test

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9
Q

true or false - there is valid evidence for far transfer effects on executive function

A

false - there are inconsistent results

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10
Q

what type of studies have shown positive transfer effects of executive function

A

cross sectional studies -> comparing musicians and non musicians

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11
Q

from the cross sectional studies on transfer effects of executive function, what were the results for adults and children

A

adults -> adult musicians show better cognitive flexibility, working memory and verbal fluency

children -> with musical training, they show better verbal fluency, rule representation and task switching

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12
Q

what tasks are used to test cognitive flexibility

A

wisconsin card task

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13
Q

if you damage your ______, you will have problems with cognitive flexibility

A

frontal lobe

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14
Q

why are there limitations of cross sectional studies

A

because there are always uncontrolled variables such as personality, mood and SES

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15
Q

there is another type of study that can be used rather than cross sectional studies when finding evidence for far transfer effects, what is it

A

longitudinal studies

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16
Q

what did Gromko and Poorman find out

A

preschool children who had weekly music lessons for many months, showed improvement in their IQ

17
Q

what are the main findings from Schellenberg’s experiment with executive function

A

-> when children are the musical group conditions, they have larger IQ improvements
-> children in a passsive, drama condition had improvements in social behavior

18
Q

in terms of Moreno et al., the musical training group improved in what

A

music condition showed gains in verbal intelligence and ERP changes

19
Q

what were the findings of Habibi 2016 experiment trying to find evidence for far transfer effects

A

in comparison to the control and sport condition, the music condition groups showed better abilities to detect very small auditory changes

20
Q

when Habibi found enhancements in musical training condition, what were the explicit ERP changes

A

there was P1 amplitude and latency reduction -> associated with sensory and auditory processing

21
Q
A