Lecture 33

Question 1

the SAME model was used to explain what?

Answer 1

how/why music can lead to emotional responses

Question 2

Molnar-Szakacs and Overy used what system to propose the SAME model can explain how music can lead to emotional responses?

Answer 2

MNS

Question 3

what does the theory that the SAME model can explain why music can lead to emotional responses propose?

Answer 3

music is not only interpreted in terms of acoustic signal and in the context of intentional, hierarchically organized sequences of expressive motor acts behind the signal
-> autistic people process properties and build a model that predicts what is next and what produces the music

Question 4

what brain regions are associated with SAME model that allows for interpreting musical representations in the context of automatic and emotional representations?

Answer 4

the anterior insula connects the MNS with the limbic system

Question 5

what are the kinds of responses that occur when the insula connects the MNS with the limbic system?

Answer 5

promote various kinds of complex affective or emotional responses

Question 6

Molnar-Szakacks et al. used neuroimaging to see how brains of autistic people and control responded to emotional content embodied within musical representations -> what are the results?

Answer 6

both the behavioral responses and patterns of neural activation for both groups -> overall accuracy rates and identify happy music faster than sad or peaceful

Question 7

the results of Molnar-Szakacks et al. study showed activation in what regions of the brain?

Answer 7

found regions important for processing acoustic signla (STG,thalamus) and part of the MNS (posterior IFG, PMC) and structures for emotional processing (amygdala, medial orbitofrontal cortex and ACC)

Question 8

what do the results of the Molnar-Szakacks et al. study suggest?

Answer 8

suggests that autistic individuals have an intact MNS that responds typically to some stimuli which contradicts the broken mirrors hypothesis

Question 9

Caria, Venuti, de Falco found activation in cortical/subcortical structures involved in what kinds of processing?

Answer 9

emotional and reward processing when presented with happy and sad music

Question 10

Caria, Venuti, de Falco results are consistent with Molnar-Szakacks study results to show what kind of processing?

Answer 10

stimulus-specific effect of impaired emotional processing

Question 11

what is used to predict ASD diagnosis?

Answer 11

patterns of eye movements -> autistic children do not attend to faces and voices the same ways other infants/children do

Question 12

what do ASD children not engage in?

Answer 12

social referencing -> attending to other people’s rxns during ambiguous situations to help interpret them

Question 13

why do kids with ASD not engage in social referencing?

Answer 13

do not find a significance in social cues possibly due to lack of interest in decoding social cues

Question 14

what is a parallel to autistic children’s ability to have social skills by connecting with music?

Answer 14

dementia patients as musical memory is more robust and functional for longer than any other systems

Question 15

what part of the brain is important for emotion perception?

Answer 15

insula -> can be implicated in cases in which emotion perceiving deficits are observed

Question 16

what is the insula associated with?

Answer 16

subjective perception of emotional states and can demonstrate hypoactivity across range of tasks

Question 17

what are high levels of alexithymia associated with?

Answer 17

hypoactivation in anterior insula
-> correlation between activity in regions and scores on empathetic concern and perspective-taking scales
-> better performance = more insula activation

Question 18

what does the SAME model suggest about the insula?

Answer 18

the insula plays an important role in linking regions that integrate sensory info with both MNS and limbic system

Question 19

the deficits found so far are related to what?

Answer 19

disruptions in the flow of info across netowrks

Question 20

basic emotions are thought to be ________ _______and associated with ______ ______ that are automatically produced

Answer 20

culturally universal
facial expressions

Question 21

what does attending to facial expressions play a role in?

Answer 21

learning process

Question 22

mothers often mimic a baby’s facial expression which serves as what kinds of cue?

Answer 22

prelinguistic cue to reinforce the identification of a specific emotional state

Question 23

how do prelinguistic representation get reinforced?

Answer 23

when language emerges in various ways

Question 24

what happens to infants who get diagnosed with ASD later on in life?

Answer 24

do not preferentially attend to familiar faces such as caregivers

Question 25

why does alexithymia occur?

Answer 25

as a consequence of not having sufficient opportunities to map internal feelings onto external representation that can serve as reference point

Question 26

how is technology used to hypothesize about alexithymia?

Answer 26

uses cameras and AI to assess facial expressions in real time and provide feedback

Question 27

what are the steps in the Allen and Heaton model?

Answer 27

1. develop a link between cog hook (or sign) and a particular feeling
2. develop a link between cog hook/sign and a culturally universal label -> listening to music and spending time with the child can help figure out what the feelings are (associative learning)

Question 28

what is associative learning dependent on and who it is found in?

Answer 28

relatively typically in high-functioning with ASD and depends on a skill they already have

Question 29

what is a challenge with using the Allen/Heaton model?

Answer 29

finding a set of musical stimuli that reliably induces certain moods and is a viable possibility
-> have to tailor the stimuli to specific individual
-> salience of links can be increased by finding additional external stimuli related to internal state being learnt