Lecture 33 Flashcards

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1
Q

the SAME model was used to explain what?

A

how/why music can lead to emotional responses

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2
Q

Molnar-Szakacs and Overy used what system to propose the SAME model can explain how music can lead to emotional responses?

A

MNS

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3
Q

what does the theory that the SAME model can explain why music can lead to emotional responses propose?

A

music is not only interpreted in terms of acoustic signal and in the context of intentional, hierarchically organized sequences of expressive motor acts behind the signal
-> autistic people process properties and build a model that predicts what is next and what produces the music

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4
Q

what brain regions are associated with SAME model that allows for interpreting musical representations in the context of automatic and emotional representations?

A

the anterior insula connects the MNS with the limbic system

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5
Q

what are the kinds of responses that occur when the insula connects the MNS with the limbic system?

A

promote various kinds of complex affective or emotional responses

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6
Q

Molnar-Szakacks et al. used neuroimaging to see how brains of autistic people and control responded to emotional content embodied within musical representations -> what are the results?

A

both the behavioral responses and patterns of neural activation for both groups -> overall accuracy rates and identify happy music faster than sad or peaceful

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7
Q

the results of Molnar-Szakacks et al. study showed activation in what regions of the brain?

A

found regions important for processing acoustic signla (STG,thalamus) and part of the MNS (posterior IFG, PMC) and structures for emotional processing (amygdala, medial orbitofrontal cortex and ACC)

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8
Q

what do the results of the Molnar-Szakacks et al. study suggest?

A

suggests that autistic individuals have an intact MNS that responds typically to some stimuli which contradicts the broken mirrors hypothesis

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9
Q

Caria, Venuti, de Falco found activation in cortical/subcortical structures involved in what kinds of processing?

A

emotional and reward processing when presented with happy and sad music

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10
Q

Caria, Venuti, de Falco results are consistent with Molnar-Szakacks study results to show what kind of processing?

A

stimulus-specific effect of impaired emotional processing

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11
Q

what is used to predict ASD diagnosis?

A

patterns of eye movements -> autistic children do not attend to faces and voices the same ways other infants/children do

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12
Q

what do ASD children not engage in?

A

social referencing -> attending to other people’s rxns during ambiguous situations to help interpret them

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13
Q

why do kids with ASD not engage in social referencing?

A

do not find a significance in social cues possibly due to lack of interest in decoding social cues

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14
Q

what is a parallel to autistic children’s ability to have social skills by connecting with music?

A

dementia patients as musical memory is more robust and functional for longer than any other systems

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15
Q

what part of the brain is important for emotion perception?

A

insula -> can be implicated in cases in which emotion perceiving deficits are observed

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16
Q

what is the insula associated with?

A

subjective perception of emotional states and can demonstrate hypoactivity across range of tasks

17
Q

what are high levels of alexithymia associated with?

A

hypoactivation in anterior insula
-> correlation between activity in regions and scores on empathetic concern and perspective-taking scales
-> better performance = more insula activation

18
Q

what does the SAME model suggest about the insula?

A

the insula plays an important role in linking regions that integrate sensory info with both MNS and limbic system

19
Q

the deficits found so far are related to what?

A

disruptions in the flow of info across netowrks

20
Q

basic emotions are thought to be ________ _______and associated with ______ ______ that are automatically produced

A

culturally universal
facial expressions

21
Q

what does attending to facial expressions play a role in?

A

learning process

22
Q

mothers often mimic a baby’s facial expression which serves as what kinds of cue?

A

prelinguistic cue to reinforce the identification of a specific emotional state

23
Q

how do prelinguistic representation get reinforced?

A

when language emerges in various ways

24
Q

what happens to infants who get diagnosed with ASD later on in life?

A

do not preferentially attend to familiar faces such as caregivers

25
Q

why does alexithymia occur?

A

as a consequence of not having sufficient opportunities to map internal feelings onto external representation that can serve as reference point

26
Q

how is technology used to hypothesize about alexithymia?

A

uses cameras and AI to assess facial expressions in real time and provide feedback

27
Q

what are the steps in the Allen and Heaton model?

A
  1. develop a link between cog hook (or sign) and a particular feeling
  2. develop a link between cog hook/sign and a culturally universal label -> listening to music and spending time with the child can help figure out what the feelings are (associative learning)
28
Q

what is associative learning dependent on and who it is found in?

A

relatively typically in high-functioning with ASD and depends on a skill they already have

29
Q

what is a challenge with using the Allen/Heaton model?

A

finding a set of musical stimuli that reliably induces certain moods and is a viable possibility
-> have to tailor the stimuli to specific individual
-> salience of links can be increased by finding additional external stimuli related to internal state being learnt