Lecture 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the four ways fMRI can be used to assess functional connectivity

A
  1. determine the seed location (brain location for the associated task)
  2. measured neural activation
  3. measure neural activation at other test locations
  4. calculate correlation between seed and test location responses
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2
Q

the striatum is part of what structure in the brain

A

basal ganglia

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3
Q

the striatum can be divided into what two streams

A

ventral and dorsal

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4
Q

increased dopamine in the dorsal striatum is associated with what

A

anticipation of the reward

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5
Q

increased dopamine in the ventral striatum is associated with what

A

rewarding experiences

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6
Q

according to research, pleasant music has been found to activate what part of the brain

A

ventral striatum -> nucleus accumbens

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7
Q

what has research found out about the functional connectivity between the auditory cortex and ventral striatum

A

it is critical for the experience of pleasure than can be associated with listening to music

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8
Q

describe the fast automatic subcortical pathway

A

it is essential for some simple sound-based stimuli to automatically activate the amygdala without it having to pass the usual cortical route

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9
Q

what can the amygdala be activated by

A

music perceived as joyful, unpleasant or sad

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10
Q

define the hippocampus formation

A

it can become active in response to music-evoked emotions like tenderness, peaceful and nostalgia

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11
Q

list all the different involvements of the insula

A
  1. multimodal integration
  2. posterior responds to physical properties of sound
  3. anterior responds to emotional aspects of sound
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12
Q

what is the cingulate cortex associated with

A

error signals

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13
Q

_______ can be considered a single musical unit that consists of _____ or more individual notes

A

chord/ three

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14
Q

additional tones present in harmonics is referred to as ____ or _____

A

overtones or part of the vertical structure of music

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15
Q

define the role of the secondary auditory cortex

A

perceiving and representing a musical unit

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16
Q

what is multidimensional scaling

A

can measure subjective impressions of how similar/different sounds coming from different instruments are perceived to be

17
Q

_______ is the dominant aspect that gives a note a color/tone/texture

A

fundamental frequency

18
Q

true or false - harmonics are multiples of fundamental frequencies

A

true

19
Q

what are pure tones

A

sounds that consist of one single frequency played at a constant intensity for the entire time

20
Q

why is temporally invariant tones important to research

A

because much of the research undertaken on the cognitive and neurological basis of music perception is based on them