Lecture 21 Flashcards
what are the constraints to human musicality?
- only hear frequencies within certain ranges
- only produce frequencies within certain ranges
the Smith study about behaviors operating on wide range of parameters demonstrated what results?
play 6266 notes in 4 mins- very fast
- rapid progression of notes
ASLAP
as slow as possible
- performance of Cage’s piece took 20-70 min
what was Wilson’s argument about the process of coevolution?
- brain and hand underwent process of coevolution
- development changes allowed us to use hands in new ways which influenced the way brain evolved
how was stone used to indicate how to shape tools?
- various sounds made when making stone tools which created selection pressures to evolve brains to be more sensitive to the auditory stimuli when carving the stone and get the shape of the blade properly without breaking
what is an example of an interaction between culture and neurology?
modulation of tonotopic organization of the hearing system
what did the Pantev show about neural responses to tones in trained musicians?
neural responses to piano tones are larger than to that of pure tones for trained musicians
what did the Pantev, Roberts, Schultz, Engelien, and Ross demonstrate about violinists and trumpeters response to tones?
- violinists and trumpeters demonstrate a larger neural response to tones from practiced instruments
- musical tones from instruments are “cultural artifacts”, different neural responses to these tools implies a shaping role of culture on brain
what are invariants?
characteristics of human culture that are universal in general sense but particularized by each culture
what is the goal of ethnomusicologists?
separate universal from cultural-specific features of music
what is the definition of universal?
more common than not or typical rather than being a feature that always appears in every single culture
what are some early evidences for universality of music?
- cave paintings with musical bow, musicians and dancers
- artifacts associated with rituals involving singing
why were cultural artifacts found in caves?
- protection
- caves important from rituals for accoustic purposes
idiophones
instruments that are struck
- gong
- ancient
membranophones
drums
- ancient