Lecture 30 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are some mediating variables that shape the effects of musical experiences

A

physiological arousal, emotion, anxiety, apathy, pleasure, sleep quality

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2
Q

describe NMT and what does it stand for

A

neurologic music therapy -> refers to a range of therapies that target changes in the brain to provide relief for symptoms associated with neurological disorders

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3
Q

what does NMT emphasize about their practices

A

standardized and evidence based best practices

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4
Q

_____ can affect aspects of speech, including control and/or execution

A

motor speech disorders

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5
Q

define dysarthria

A

problems related to activation and control of the articulators -> speech related deficits

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6
Q

define articulators

A

muscles involved in speech

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7
Q

what does dysarthria emerge from

A

damages to motor neurons, basal ganglia or cerebellum

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8
Q

true or false - speaking and singing share the same mechanisms

A

true

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9
Q

what are transfer effects and how are they related to singing

A

singing is thought of as exaggerated versions of things that need to be done during speech -> expected to produce generalizable effects

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10
Q

what does the DIVA stand for and what does this model propose

A

directions into velocities of articulators -> chunks of speech are coded by the CNS in the form of auditory-temporal and somatosensory based regions

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11
Q

what kind of mechanisms does the DIVA model involve

A

feedforward -> programming instructions
feedback -> error detection and correction

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12
Q

what is a non-medicinal treatment for dysarthria that produces some benefits

A

vocal training

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13
Q

TBI patients with dysarthria reported improvements in what

A

speech rate, vocal range and intelligibility

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14
Q

parkinson patients with dysarthria reported improvements with that

A

facial masking, lung function, vocal intensity, and fundamental frequency production

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15
Q

cohen reported benefits from a large scale study involving a heterogenous sample… who was included

A

MS, cerebral palsy, cerebrovascular accident

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16
Q

apraxia affects what

A

various aspects of sensorimotor processing -> programming, planning and preparation

17
Q

a person with apraxia finds it difficulty with what

A

almost impossible to initiate speech, or unable to move the mouth or tongue to speak

18
Q

what is a form of neurological music therapy that can help people with apraxia

A

rhythmic speech cueing

19
Q

explain rhythmic speech cueing

A

provides a temporal framework to follow along while producing behavior such as speaking words in time of the tune

20
Q

brendal and ziegler tested patients who had stroke damage, what did they find

A

found that metrical pacing treatment produced produced larger improvements than articulatory treatment

21
Q

define aphasia

A

broca’s aphasia -> loss of ability to produce meaningful speech and difficulties with vocab, syntax and grammar

22
Q

what is something interesting about patients with aphasia (what can they do), how does this happen

A

they are able to sing familiar songs without difficulties -> right hemisphere which is heavily involved in melodic and rhythmic aspects of music

23
Q

what is a form of neurological musical therapy for aphasia

A

melodic intonation therapy (MIT)

24
Q

melodic intonation therapy uses _____ and _____ elements of speech

A

melodic and rhythmic

25
Q

what did MIT do in stroke patients

A

-> improvements in verbal output
-> increased volume and white matter in the arcuate fasciculus

26
Q

MIT in Broca’s aphasia patients seems to contribute to reactivation of speech relevant neural circuits in which hemisphere

A

left

27
Q

MIT has helped Alzheimer’s patients with that

A

speech fluency and content improval

28
Q

what is fluency defined as

A

relating to rate, effort, continuity and smoothness

29
Q

stuttering is more common who

A

in children

30
Q

stuttering may be caused by what

A

disorder that affects motor timing -> dysfunction in basal ganglia and supplementary motor area

31
Q

what item is among the most helpful aid for people with speech problems

A

metronome

32
Q

Alm argued that true or false - melody cannot exist without rhythm

A

true

33
Q

true or false - stuttering is found with only familiar lyrics

A

false - it is found in unfamiliar and familiar lyrics

34
Q

what were the results of the healy, mallard and adams on stuttering and singing lyrics to a melody

A

singing familiar lyrics led to a greatest reduction in stuttering
-> suggests people who stutter have the ability to internally create fluent speech output by implementing self generated melodic structures