PSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE Flashcards
these theories focus on one person’s relations to others.
A) ego psychology
B) attachment theories
C) objective behavioural theories
D) object relations
D) object relations
the core theme of object relations derives from
a. The primacy of the superego
b. The role of the unconscious mind
c. The development of bonds to external objects
d. The dominance of the id
c. The development of bonds to external objects
What concept from Freud’s theory is specifically mentioned as the foundation for the core theme of object relations?
a. Oedipus complex
b. Defense mechanisms
c. Ego development
d. Libido
c. Ego development
In the context of object relations, what is the role of the ego in relation to external objects?
a. Suppressing id energies
b. Developing bonds to external objects
c. Sublimating unconscious desires
d. Isolating the superego
b. Developing bonds to external objects
How does the ego’s development of bonds to external objects contribute to the effective release of id energies?
a. By repressing id energies
b. By isolating id energies
c. By channeling id energies into relationships
d. By enhancing id energies
c. By channeling id energies into relationships
What is the primary focus of object relations theory in terms of understanding human development?
a. The role of unconscious conflicts
b. The impact of societal norms
c. The formation of relationships with external objects
d. The dominance of instinctual drives
c. The formation of relationships with external objects
What is the primary focus of object relations theories regarding bonds?
a. Satisfaction of the id
b. Satisfying unconscious desires
c. Forming bonds with people as objects
d. Liberating the superego
c. Forming bonds with people as objects
in object relations theories, what is considered a basic ego function?
a. Satisfying the id
b. Forming bonds with people as objects
c. Suppression of unconscious desires
d. Enhancing superego control
b. Forming bonds with people as objects
How are object relations theories similar to neoanalytic theories in terms of emphasis?
a. They emphasize the id over the ego
b. They prioritize the superego over the id
c. They focus on unconscious conflicts
d. They emphasize the ego over the id
d. They emphasize the ego over the id
What is highlighted as the main focus of personality in object relations theories, according to the information?
a. Satisfying the superego
b. Fulfilling unconscious desires
c. Developing bonds with people as objects
d. Liberating the id
c. Developing bonds with people as objects
What is the significance of bonds in object relations theories
a. They primarily serve to satisfy unconscious desires
b. They are a basic ego function and the main focus of personality
c. They aim to liberate the id from societal constraints
d. They suppress the influence of the superego
b. They are a basic ego function and the main focus of personality
White 1959 introduced two motivational concepts that he used to discuss _____
A) objects
B) the superego
C) the ego
D) the id
C) the ego
what is the motive of effectance motivation
A) the motive to be effective in dealing with the environment
B) the motive to have an effect or an impact on your surroundings
C) the extent to which the person inhibits impulses
D) a compensatory process is activated and the person strives for superiority
B) the motive to have an effect or an impact on your surroundings
what did White believe is a basic motive which is the major outlet for the egos energies
A) competence motivation
B) effectance motivation
C) ego control
D) ego resilience
B) effectance motivation
what does Effectance motivation evolve into
A) competence motivation
B) it does not evolve
C) ego control
D) ego resilience
A) competence motivation
the motive to be effective in dealing with the environment refers to what
A) competence motivation
B) effectance motivation
C) ego control
D) ego resilience
A) competence motivation
what motive moves the person toward ever-new challenges and masteries.
A) competence motivation
B) effectance motivation
C) ego control
D) ego resilience
A) competence motivation
what motivation can be exercised endlessly
A) competence motivation
B) effectance motivation
C) ego control
D) ego resilience
A) competence motivation
who proposed that people strive for greater competence, but for different reasons
A) Block
B) Freud
C) Adler
D) White
C) Adler
Adler proposed that whenever a person has feelings of inferiority, what happens when the persons strives for superiority
A) Feelings of inferiority are intensified
B) A compensatory process is activated
C) The individual gives up on the pursuit of superiority
D) The individual becomes complacent and content with their current status
B) a compensatory process is activated
what did Adler believe about inferiority feelings and superiority strivings
A) Inferiority feelings and superiority strivings are unrelated
B) They cycle with each other constantly
C) Inferiority feelings are permanent and unchangeable
D) Superiority strivings are irrelevant to mental health
B) they cycle with each other constantly
what did Adler view to be an important part of healthy ego functioning
A) Repression of unwanted thoughts
B) Withdrawal from social interactions
C) Dependency on others
D) Struggle for increased competence
D) struggle for increased competence
what did Adler call the “great upward drive.
A) Repression of unwanted thoughts
B) Withdrawal from social interactions
C) Dependency on others
D) The struggle for increased competence
D) The struggle for increased competence
in Adler and Whites view, what is the primary goal of the ego
A) To suppress unconscious desires
B) To better adapt to the world
C) To maintain a state of constant pleasure
D) To achieve perfection
B) To better adapt to the world
the aspects of learning to restrain impulses and knowing when to restrain yourself and when to behave freely forms the aspects of what
A) repression
B) denial
C) adaptation
D) learning
C) adaptation
Block and Block used “ego control” to refer to what
A) The extent to which the person inhibits impulses
B) The ability to engage in goal-directed behavior
C) The level of unconscious desires
D) The strength of the superego
A) The extent to which the person inhibits impulses
an aspect of ego functioning that is flexible and refers to the capacity to modify your usual level of ego control to adapt to a given situation
A) Ego inhibition
B) Ego resiliency
C) Ego control
D) Ego adaptability
B) Ego resiliency
people who undercontrol—who can’t delay gratification, who express their feelings and desires immediately would have low levels of
A) Ego inhibition
B) Ego resiliency
C) Ego control
D) Ego adaptability
C) Ego control
people who overcontrol––who delay gratification endlessly, inhibit their actions and feelings, and insulate themselves from outside distractions would have high levels of
A) Ego inhibition
B) Ego resiliency
C) Ego control
D) Ego adaptability
C) Ego control
People who can’t break out of their usual way of relating to the world, even when it’s temporarily good to do so would have
A) low ego control
B) high ego control
C) high ego resiliency
D) low ego resilience
D) low ego resilience
People who are resilient and resourceful and adapt well to changing circumstances. would have
A) Ego inhibition
B) Ego resiliency
C) Ego control
D) Ego adaptability
B) Ego resiliency
Mahler viewed personality development as
A) A static and unchanging process
B) A process of breaking down the psychological fusion with others that we are born with and becoming an individual who’s separate and distinct
C) A predetermined and irreversible sequence of psychological fusions with others
D) A process that ends in early childhood with no involvement of an individual in determining what they want to do
B) process of breaking down the psychological fusion that we are born with, and becoming an individual who’s separate and distinct
The period when the infant is fused with its mother is called
A) Autonomy
B) Object constancy
C) Symbiosis
D) Individuation
C) Symbiosis
what did Mahler call the process that occurs at around 6 months of age when a child starts to become aware of its separate existence
A) symbiosis
B) separation–individuation
C) fusion-separation
D) object constancy
B) separation–individuation
what does separation-individuation involve
A) Fusion with the mother
B) Gradual exploration away from the mother
C) Immediate independence from the mother
D) Sudden individuation from the mother
B) Gradual exploration away from the mother
during what time does a child have conflict between two pressures
A) symbiosis
B) separation–individuation
C) fusion-separation
D) object constancy
B) separation–individuation
which of the following is NOT a conflict a child has during the process of separation-individuation
A) fear of being overwhelmed in a merger with her and a desire to establish its own selfhood
B) a wish to be taken care of by mother and united with her
C) wanting a sense of union despite striving for individuation and separation
D) A desire for complete independence from the mother
D) A desire for complete independence from the mother
which of the following is NOT important to a child’s adjustment to individuation-separation
A) a mothers emotional availability
B) a mothers behaviour
C) a mothers gentle nudge toward independence
D) the mother being as present as possible to the child’s experience
D) the mother being as present as possible to the child’s experience
what would cause a child to experience separation anxiety.
A) If the mother is not present enough in the child’s experience
B) If the mother pushes too much toward individuation
C) if the mother is emotional available
D) if the mother gives her child a gentle nudge toward independence
B) If the mother pushes too much toward individuation
at what age does the child develops a stable mental representation of its mother
A) at about age 3
B) at about 6 months
C) at about age 6
D) at about age 1
A) at about age 3
what occurs once a child develops a stable mental representation of its mother
A) The child becomes completely independent from the mother
B) The childforms a psychological and emotional impression of her as an internal object
C) The child’s desire for symbiosis intensifies
D) The child regresses to an earlier stage of development
B) The childforms a psychological and emotional impression of her as an internal object
what matters regarding the internalisation of object representations
A) what the child experiences as happening
B) who is present in childhood
C) what happens in childhood
D) how the child is treated
A) what the child experiences as happening
what would an object relations theorist say in relation to how we relate to others
A) resemblance of a significant person determines our reaction to others
B) we treat everyone uniquely
C) we look at others from inside our patterns
D) we notice only variations within patterns
A) resemblance of a significant person determines our reaction to others
the pattern of relating to others that you develop in early childhood forms the core of what
A) how we treat others uniquely
B) relating to others for the rest of your life
C) how minor the variations are within patterns of how we treat people
D) how we view ourselves
B) relating to others for the rest of your life
Kohut’s theory that relationships create the structure of the self
A) Self-attributed motive
B) Ego Psychology
C) self psychology
D) object relations
C) self psychology
Kohut believed people have an essential
A) detachment
B) narcissism
C) dependence
D) suppression
B) narcissism
narcissism though Kohut’s view refers to
A) The ego process of rationally seeking an object to satisfy a desire.
B) a pattern of self-centered needs that must be satisfied through others
C) The ability to hold back a behavior you want to do in favor of some other behavior.
D) Deciding for yourself what to do.
B) a pattern of self-centered needs that must be satisfied through others
what term did Kphut use to refer to the mental representation of another person who functions to help satisfy your needs
A) Symbiotic partner
B) Internal object
C) Transitional object
D) Selfobject
D) Selfobject
how are self objects experiences in early childhood
A) from the view of others
B) extensions of the self
C) any person as he or she is experienced within the structure of the self
D) from the view that one needs help
B) extensions of the self
how are self objects experienced after early childhood
A) from the view of others
B) extensions of the self
C) any person as he or she is experienced within the structure of the self
D) from the view that one needs help
C) any person as he or she is experienced within the structure of the self
how does a selfobject exist
A) as extensions of others
B) to serve the needs of others
C) from the selfs point of view
D) from the point of view of others
C) from the selfs point of view
how did Kohut think a child acquires a self
A) Through genetic inheritance
B) Through exposure to cultural influences
C) Through direct instruction from parents
D) Through interaction with parents
D) Through interaction with parents
what do parents engage in to gratify the child’s narcissistic needs
A) approving
B) mirroring
C) rejecting
D) ignoring
B) mirroring
what does mirroring refer to in terms of narcissistic needs
A) ignoring the child’s needs
B) Showing behaviour that the child must do
C) Giving support to the child and responding in an empathic, accepting way.
D) Encouraging the child to be completely independent
C) Giving support to the child and responding in an empathic, accepting way.
what must be sustained to some degree throughout development, to create a sense of self-importance to be carried into adulthood
A) Reality orientation
B) Illusion of all importance
C) Self-criticism
D) Narcissistic devaluation
B) Illusion of all importance
what sense of self does a child have
A) An accurate and realistic sense of self
B) Grandiosity
C) A diminished sense of self
D) Self-deprecation
B) Grandiosity
In a healthy personality, what happens to the grandiosity
A) its modified and channeled into realistic activities
B) turns into ambition and self-esteem
C) the child develops a healthy sense of self
D) all of the above
D) all of the above
what occurs if there are severe failures of mirroring
A) the child will continue relating to other people immaturely
B) the child will have deeper narcissistic needs than other people
C) the child never develops an adequate sense of self
D) all of the above
D) all of the above
what does mirroring involve later in life
A) reality
B) adaptation
C) transference
D) motification
C) transference
what does the process of transference refer to
A) The process of individuation
B) Using your parents as a frame of reference to the orientation you have toward others
C) The process of internalization
D) The process of object constancy
B) Using your parents as a frame of reference to the orientation you have toward others
transference fromparents to other self objects is similar to what part of Mahlers idea
A) a child developing a stable mental representation of its mother
B) internal object relation corresponding to a parent is used in forming later relationships.
C) separation–individuation and fusion with the other.
D) becoming an individual who’s separate and distinct
B) internal object relation corresponding to a parent is used in forming later relationships.
according to Bowlby, what is the biological purpose of clinging and following of the infant
A) Promoting independence
B) Facilitating exploration
C) Keep the infant close to the mother
D) Encouraging autonomy
C) Keep the infant close to the mother
what is the basic theme of attachment theory
A) Independence is the primary goal
B) Mother creates a secure base and safe haven for the child
C) Attachment is irrelevant to child development
D) Autonomy is discouraged in children
B) Mother creates a secure base and safe haven for the child
what theory sees the childs need for security and a base from which to explore the world as important
A) Object relations theory
B) Behaviorism
C) Attachment theory
D) Psychoanalytic theory
C) Attachment theory
what does attachment theory hold about the child
A) children are inherently social beings, driven by an innate need to form emotional bonds and connections with others.
B) children are primarily isolated and do not seek meaningful connections with caregivers or peers.
C) children engage in social interactions solely for entertainment purposes, without forming any lasting emotional connections.
D) they build implicit mental “working models” of the self, others and the nature of relationships
D) they build implicit mental “working models” of the self, others and the nature of relationships
what procedure was devised to assess infant attachment
A) Parental involvement assessment
B) Strange situation
C) Attachment disconnection test
D) Infant behavior inventory
B) Strange situation
attachment shown in the strange situation where normal distress occurs when the mother left and happy enthusiasm when she returned
A) secure
B) ambivalent
C) avoidant
D) disorganised
A) secure
in the strange situation, where the infant was clingy and became very upset when the mother left. The response to the mother’s return mixed approach with rejection and anger.
A) secure
B) ambivalent / resistant
C) avoidant
D) disorganised
B) ambivalent
in this pattern shown in the strange situation the infant stayed calm when the mother left and responded to her return by ignoring her.
A) secure
B) ambivalent / resistant
C) avoidant
D) disorganised
C) avoidant
what is important in relation to the basis of variations in attachment in terms of the mothers
A) timing
B) actions
C) emotions
D) words
A) timing
if one was to respond “maybe” to the question “Can I count on my attachment figure to be available and responsive when needed?” what attachment does this reflect?
A) secure
B) ambivalent / resistant
C) avoidant
D) disorganised
B) ambivalent / resistant
what is true regarding the specificity of attachment patterns?
A) they can vary in style depending on who one is interacting with
B) they are stable from early life
C) they become stable after childhood
D) patterns are consistent throughout life and show no variability
A) they can vary in style depending on who one is interacting with
if behaviour 6 years old showed some resistance and subtle signs of hostility, they would most likely have what sort of attachment style
A) secure
B) ambivalent
C) avoidant
D) disorganised
B) ambivalent
if a 6 year old shows posture and voice that exaggerate sense of intimacy and dependency, they would most likely have what sort of attachment style
A) secure
B) ambivalent
C) avoidant
D) disorganised
B) ambivalent
if a 6 year old minimizes opportunity for interaction with returning parent, looking and speaking only briefly; returns to toys. they would most likely have what sort of attachment style
A) secure
B) ambivalent
C) avoidant
D) disorganised
C) avoidant
what attachment pattern would be seen when people a appear to distort their memory of interactions over time to make them more consistent with their working models
A) secure
B) ambivalent
C) avoidant
D) insecure
D) insecure
adults with a secure attachment pattern report
A) a desire for reciprocation and union
B) greater obsessive preoccupation
C) lower levels of acceptance of their partners’ imperfections
D) high levels of trust in their romantic partner
D) high levels of trust in their romantic partner
how do Ambivalent adults experience love
A)
B) with a desire for reciprocation and union
C) by accepting their lovers’ imperfections
D)
B) with a desire for reciprocation and union
who are more likely to report that a relationship had been “love at first sight.”
A) secure adults
B) ambivalent adults
C) avoidant adults
D) insecure adults
B) ambivalent adults
how do avoidant adults experience love
A) they are less likely than the others to report accepting their lovers’ imperfections
B) as an obsessive preoccupation
C) as “love at first sight.”
D) with extreme emotional highs and lows
A) they are less likely than the others to report accepting their lovers’ imperfections
what attachment style would be related to extremes of both attraction and jealousy
A) secure adults
B) ambivalent adults
C) avoidant adults
D) insecure adults
B) ambivalent adults
in terms of mental models that people hold on the nature of relationships, what would avoidant adults most likely say
A) falling in love is easy and happens often
B) love doesn’t last
C) love is real
D) when love comes, its stays
B) love doesn’t last
in terms of mental models that people hold on the nature of relationships, what would ambivalent adults most likely say
A) falling in love is easy and happens often, but doesnt last
B) love doesn’t last
C) love is real
D) when love comes, its stays
A) falling in love is easy and happens often, but doesnt last
who most likely to have obsessive and dependent love relationships
A) secure adults
B) ambivalent adults
C) avoidant adults
D) insecure adults
B) ambivalent adults
for ambivalent adults, what would be the cause of conflict and stress in their relationship
A) not being interested in their partners intimate thoughts and feelings
B) obsessive tendency to seek reassurance
C) too much independence
D) being self reliant
B) obsessive tendency to seek reassurance
who are the least likely to report being in love in the present or in the past
A) secure adults
B) ambivalent adults
C) avoidant adults
D) insecure adults
C) avoidant adults
who would be the least interested in knowing their partners’ intimate thoughts and feelings
A) secure adults
B) ambivalent adults
C) avoidant adults
D) insecure adults
C) avoidant adults
Bartholomew and Horowitz 1991 argued for what
A) different attachment styles in infancy
B) two dimensions of working models
C) variations in attachment across cultures
D) attachments applicability in adolescence
B) two dimensions of working models
what are the two dimensions of Bartholomew and Horowitz 1991 working models
A) Positive-versus-negative model of the self and a positive-versus-negative model of others
B) Secure-versus-insecure model of attachment and an anxious-versus-avoidant model of attachment
C) Internal-versus-external model of the self and an internal-versus-external model of others
D) Adaptive-versus-maladaptive model of the self and an adaptive-versus-maladaptive model of others
A) Positive-versus-negative model of the self and a positive-versus-negative model of others
what is true regarding secure attachment patterns in adults and the most important romance of their life
A) they report patterns of greater obsessive preoccupation
B) they report higher levels of trust in their romantic partner than do others
C) they report lower levels of acceptance of their partners’ imperfections
D) they report average levels of trust in their romantic partner than do others
B) they report higher levels of trust in their romantic partner than do others
one procedure to study attachment patterns in adults asks people to respond to a series of statements expressing opinions about their current close relationships, what do these self report scales include
A) items that reflect greater attachment security versus items that reflect greater attachment insecurity
B) items that reflect greater attachment ambivalence and items that reflect greater attachment avoidance
C) items that reflect greater versus lesser attachment ambivalence and items that reflect greater versus lesser attachment avoidance
D) Items that measure the respondent’s knowledge of attachment theory in psychology.
C) items that reflect greater versus lesser attachment ambivalence and items that reflect greater versus lesser attachment avoidance
which of the following is a measure of adult attachment
A) Adult Attachment Interview
B) Relationship Satisfaction Survey
C) Attachment Style Quiz
D) Attachment Productivity Assessment
A) Adult Attachment Interview
what does the Adult attachment interview ask from participants
A) whether they have greater versus lesser attachment avoidance
B) what people recall about their early experiences with caregivers
C) whether they have greater versus lesser attachment ambivalence with their caregivers
D) none of the above
whether they have greater versus lesser attachment ambivalence and whether they have greater versus lesser attachment avoidance
what does the Adult Attachment Interview measure
A) what people recall about their early experiences with caregivers
B) whether the person has arrived at a coherent narrative regarding the childhood experiences
C) whether they have greater versus lesser attachment ambivalence and whether they have greater versus lesser attachment avoidance
D) none of the above
B) whether the person has arrived at a coherent narrative regarding the childhood experiences
what are key issues the Adult Attachment Interview look for
A) whether people either lack childhood memories or idealize their caregivers
B) whether people seem preoccupied by unresolved loss or abuse
C) whether the person has arrived at a coherent narrative regarding the childhood experiences
D) all of the above
D) all of the above
if the Adult Attachment Interview finds that the person has a lack childhood memories or idealize their caregivers, this would be taken as signs of
A) healthy attachment
B) avoidant attachment
C) anxious attachment
D) ambivalent attachment
B) avoidant attachment
if the Adult Attachment Interview finds that the person seem preoccupied by unresolved loss or abuse this is taken as
A) healthy attachment
B) avoidant attachment
C) anxious attachment
D) ambivalent attachment
C) anxious attachment
what are the two dimensions of adult attachment patterns according to Bartholomew and Horowitz
A) healthy and unhealthy
B) anxious and avoidance
C) avoidant and ambivalent
D) ambivalent and anxious
B) anxious and avoidance
What is highlighted as a conceptual parallel between the Adult Attachment Interview and self-report scales?
a. Empirical overlap
b. Lack of convergence
c. Theoretical differences
d. Conceptual divergence
a. Empirical overlap
what is the empirical overlap between the Adult Attachment Interview and self-report scales?
a. High convergence in measurement procedures
b. Low convergence in measurement procedures
c. Complete agreement in scoring
d. Minimal difference in scoring
b. Low convergence in measurement procedures
What is suggest about individuals who score as secure on a self-report measure in comparison to the Adult Attachment Interview?
a. They are very likely to score as secure on the AAI
b. They are barely more likely to score as secure on the AAI
c. They are less likely to score as secure on the AAI
d. They are never likely to score as secure on the AAI
b. They are barely more likely to score as secure on the AAI
Despite the lack of convergence, what common characteristic is mentioned about both the Adult Attachment Interview and self-report measures?
a. They are unreliable in predicting outcomes
b. They predict outcomes that are irrelevant to the theory
c. They predict outcomes that are relevant to the theory
d. They have theoretical differences
c. They predict outcomes that are relevant to the theory
What is the main point emphasized regarding the predictive ability of both measures?
a. They have limited predictive ability
b. They predict different outcomes
c. They have no predictive ability
d. They predict outcomes relevant to the theory
d. They predict outcomes relevant to the theory
According to Roisman et al. (2007), when are self-reports most reliably associated with the quality of adult relationships?
a. Under conditions of low interpersonal stress
b. Under conditions of high interpersonal stress
c. Equally in both high and low interpersonal stress situations
d. Only in situations of extreme stress
b. Under conditions of high interpersonal stress
In contrast to self-reports, when is the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) linked to relationship quality, according to the conclusion by Roisman et al. (2007)?
a. Only under conditions of high interpersonal stress
b. Only under conditions of low interpersonal stress
c. Equally in both high and low interpersonal stress situations
d. It is not linked to relationship quality in any situation
c. Equally in both high and low interpersonal stress situations
