GENETICS & EVOLUTION Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
Sheldon (1942) proposed the physical dimension of ______ which relates to the tendency toward plumpness
A) endomorphy
B) mesomorphy
C) ectomorphy
D) graphomorphy
A
A) endomorphy
2
Q
Sheldon (1942) proposed the physical dimension of ______ which relates to the tendency muscularity
A) endomorphy
B) mesomorphy
C) ectomorphy
D) graphomorphy
A
B) mesomorphy
3
Q
Sheldon (1942) proposed the physical dimension of ______ which relates to the tendency toward thinness
A) endomorphy
B) mesomorphy
C) ectomorphy
D) graphomorphy
A
C) ectomorphy
4
Q
Sheldon (1942) proposed three aspects of temperament, which of the following is NOT one of these?
A) Viscerotonia
B) Alerotonia
C) Somatotonia
D) Cerebrotonia
A
B) Alerotonia
5
Q
Sheldon (1942) aspect of temperament which means qualities such as calmness, tolerance, sociability, love of comfort and easygoingness
A) Viscerotonia
B) Alerotonia
C) Somatotonia
D) Cerebrotonia
A
A) Viscerotonia
6
Q
Sheldon (1942) aspect of temperament which means qualities such as boldness, assertiveness, and desire for adventure and activity
A) Viscerotonia
B) Alerotonia
C) Somatotonia
D) Cerebrotonia
A
C) Somatotonia
7
Q
Sheldon (1942) aspect of temperament which means qualities such as avoidance of interaction, restraint, pain sensitivity and mental intensity approaching apprehensiveness
A) Viscerotonia
B) Alerotonia
C) Somatotonia
D) Cerebrotonia
A
D) Cerebrotonia
8
Q
according to Sheldon, if one had a tendency toward plumpness, they would also have qualities of
A) amusement and creativity
B) avoidance of interaction and restraint
C) calmness, tolerance, sociability
D) boldness and assertiveness
A
C) calmness, tolerance, sociability
9
Q
according to Sheldon, if one had a tendency toward muscularity, they would also have qualities of
A) amusement and creativity
B) avoidance of interaction and restraint
C) calmness, tolerance, sociability
D) boldness and assertiveness
A
D) boldness and assertiveness
10
Q
according to Sheldon, if one had a tendency toward thinness, they would also have qualities of
A) amusement and creativity
B) avoidance of interaction and restraint
C) calmness, tolerance, sociability
D) boldness and assertiveness
A
B) avoidance of interaction and restraint
11
Q
compared to monozygotic (MZ) twins, dizygotic (DZ) twins are on average ____ alike genetically
A) 100%
B) 20%
C) 50%
D) 5%
A
C) 50%
12
Q
an index of genetic influence on a trait which gives an estimate of how much variance of some characteristic is accounted for
A) reaction range
B) heritability
C) concordance rate
D) epigenesis
A
B) heritability
13
Q
heritability estimates measure
A) phenotype
B) genotype
C) allele
D) sex chromosomes
A
A) phenotype
14
Q
one limitation of heritability estimates is
A) it does not measure genetic influence
B) it does not measure how much the environment allows genes to be expressed
C) it is not a direct measure of the activity of genes
D) it does not provide evidence on whether there is high or low heritability
A
C) it is not a direct measure of the activity of genes
15
Q
which of the following is NOT a limitation of heritability estimates?
A) it does not measure differences in people genes that account for differences in their traits
B) It does not represent the amount of a behavioral characteristic that’s inherited by any one person
C) it does not measure how much the environment allows the genes to be expressed
D) it does not explain why genes matter
A
A) it does not measure differences in people genes account gor differences in their traits
16
Q
how is a heritability estimate calculated
A) correlation from DZ twins is subtracted by MZ twins and multiplied
B) correlation between each individual twin pair is added and multiplied
C) correlation between two MZ twin pairs is subtracted and multiplied
D) none of the above
A
A) correlation from DZ twins is subtracted by MZ twins and multiplied
17
Q
what assumption is the twin study method based on?
A) The genetic makeup of identical twins (MZ pairs) is more similar than that of fraternal twins (DZ pairs).
B) the degree of similarity of the life experiences of co-twins raised together is just as great for DZ pairs and MZ pairs
C) Environmental factors have a greater impact on the development of traits in identical twins (MZ pairs) compared to fraternal twins (DZ pairs).
D) The level of concordance for various traits is consistently higher in DZ twin pairs than in MZ twin pairs.
A
B) the degree of similarity of the life experiences of co-twins raised together is just as great for DZ pairs and MZ pairs
18
Q
If a study aimed to examine the heritability of traits in twins and concluded that a difference between correlations comes from heredity, what potential methodological concern might undermine this conclusion?
A) Differential genetic makeup between MZ and DZ twins
B) Variation in environmental factors for MZ and DZ twins
C) Inconsistent data collection methods for MZ and DZ twins
D) Discrepancies in the measurement of trait correlations for MZ and DZ twins
A
B) Variation in environmental factors for MZ and DZ twins
19
Q
In the context of personality traits in monozygotic (MZ) twins, what finding challenges the assumption that similarity in treatment leads to greater personality resemblance?
A) MZ twins exhibit similar personality traits regardless of treatment
B) MZ twins show greater personality resemblance when treated differently
C) Personality resemblance in MZ twins is solely influenced by genetic factors
D) The correlation of personality traits in MZ twins is higher when they are treated alike
A
A) MZ twins exhibit similar personality traits regardless of treatment
20
Q
In light of the studies, which conclusion can be drawn regarding the relationship between perceived zygosity and personality similarity in twins?
A) Dizygotic (DZ) twins who believe they are monozygotic (MZ) twins show greater personality resemblance.
B) Monozygotic (MZ) twins recall significantly more similar experiences than DZ twins, leading to personality similarity.
C) Perceived zygosity has no impact on personality similarity in either monozygotic (MZ) or dizygotic (DZ) twins.
D) Despite recalling somewhat more similar experiences, the relationship between experiences and personality similarity is not evident in monozygotic (MZ) twins.
A
D) Despite recalling somewhat more similar experiences, the relationship between experiences and personality similarity is not evident in monozygotic (MZ) twins.
21
Q
what expectation arises regarding the similarity of twins raised apart, depending on the importance of heredity?
A) Monozygotic (MZ) twins raised apart should be less similar than dizygotic (DZ) twins raised together.
B) The similarity of Monozygotic (MZ) twins raised apart should be nearly as high as that of MZ twins raised together if heredity is important.
C) Dizygotic (DZ) twins raised apart should be more similar than MZ twins raised apart.
D) The similarity between MZ twins raised apart is unrelated to the importance of heredity.
A
B) The similarity of Monozygotic (MZ) twins raised apart should be nearly as high as that of MZ twins raised together if heredity is important.
22
Q
According to Arnold Buss and Robert Plomin’s (1984) usage of the term “temperament,” how do they conceptualize this personality trait?
A) Temperament is a personality trait acquired through environmental influences.
B) Temperament refers to a personality trait that emerges during adolescence.
C) Temperament is a personality trait inherited and present in early childhood.
D) Temperament is a personality trait that primarily develops during adulthood.
A
C) Temperament is a personality trait inherited and present in early childhood.
23
Q
How is activity level defined, and what are its correlated aspects?
A) Activity level is a measure of physical fitness, and its aspects include strength and endurance.
B) Activity level is the degree of social engagement, and its aspects include extroversion and introversion.
C) Activity level is the person’s output of energy or behavior, with aspects of vigor and tempo.
D) Activity level is related to cognitive abilities, with aspects including memory and problem-solving.
A
C) Activity level is the person’s output of energy or behavior, with aspects of vigor and tempo.
24
Q
How is sociability defined, and what does it encompass?
A) Sociability is the inclination to be alone rather than with others, associated with independence and introspection.
B) Sociability is a measure of extroversion, focusing on talkativeness and assertiveness in social situations.
C) Sociability is the preference for being with other people, involving a desire for shared activities and social interaction.
D) Sociability is the level of popularity one attains in social circles, measuring the size of one’s social network.
A
C) Sociability is the preference for being with other people, involving a desire for shared activities and social interaction.
25
How is emotionality defined in relation to temperament?
A) Emotionality is the ability to suppress emotions, remaining calm and composed in all situations.
B) Emotionality is the degree of emotional intelligence, reflecting one's awareness and control of emotions.
C) Emotionality is the tendency to become emotionally aroused, easily and intensely, particularly in upsetting situations.
D) Emotionality is the capacity for logical reasoning and decision-making in emotionally charged scenarios.
C) Emotionality is the tendency to become emotionally aroused, easily and intensely, particularly in upsetting situations.
26
What early evidence supports the idea that temperaments such as activity, emotionality, and sociability are inherited?
A) Observational studies of children's behavior in different environments.
B) Cross-cultural studies comparing temperamental traits in various societies.
C) Twin studies where parent ratings of activity, emotionality, and sociability showed strong correlations for MZ twins but minimal correlations for DZ twins.
D) Longitudinal studies tracking changes in temperamental traits over an individual's lifespan.
C) Twin studies where parent ratings of activity, emotionality, and sociability showed strong correlations for MZ twins but minimal correlations for DZ twins.
27
In the context of temperament, which statement reflects the comparison between avoidance temperament and Buss and Plomin's (1984) emotionality?
A) The avoidance temperament is unrelated to Buss and Plomin's emotionality, representing distinct dimensions of temperament.
B) The avoidance temperament is synonymous with Buss and Plomin's emotionality, sharing identical characteristics.
C) The avoidance temperament and Buss and Plomin's emotionality exhibit some resemblance in certain aspects.
D) The avoidance temperament is the opposite of Buss and Plomin's emotionality, representing conflicting traits.
C) The avoidance temperament and Buss and Plomin's emotionality exhibit some resemblance in certain aspects.
28
What is the main characteristic of the temperament known as effortful control?
A) Effortful control is primarily about being highly sociable and engaging in social activities.
B) Effortful control is synonymous with avoidance temperament, emphasizing the avoidance of emotional arousal.
C) Effortful control involves being focused and restrained, including aspects of attention management and suppressing approach when inappropriate.
D) Effortful control is characterized by intense emotional arousal and a lack of restraint in various situations.
C) Effortful control involves being focused and restrained, including aspects of attention management and suppressing approach when inappropriate.
29
high levels of this temperament early in life relate to fewer problems with antisocial behaviour later in life
A) effortful control
B) approach
C) avoidance
D) emotionality
A) effortful control
30
In the context of twin studies and the five-factor model of personality, what is the main focus of recent research?
A) Examining the influence of cultural factors on the five personality dimensions.
B) Investigating the impact of environmental factors on the development of personality traits.
C) Analyzing the relationship between personality and intelligence.
D) Assessing the extent to which genetic factors contribute to the heritability of the five personality factors.
D) Assessing the extent to which genetic factors contribute to the heritability of the five personality factors.
31
In the context of the five-factor model of personality and its genetic influence, what does the evidence suggest about the heritability of these dimensions over the lifespan?
A) The genetic influence on the five dimensions remains constant throughout the lifespan.
B) The genetic influence on the five dimensions increases with age.
C) The genetic influence on the five dimensions is not significant in adulthood.
D) The genetic influence on the five
dimensions decreases over the lifespan.
D) The genetic influence on the five dimensions decreases over the lifespan.
32
How did Borkenau, Riemann, Angleitner, and Spinath (2001) address the concern of possible bias in twin studies of adult personality?
A) They conducted a study using only self-reports to minimize external influences
.
B) They employed a cross-cultural approach to ensure diverse perspectives on personality traits.
C) They videotaped adult participants and had them rated by individuals unfamiliar with them.
D) They focused exclusively on genetic influences, excluding environmental factors in their analysis.
C) They videotaped adult participants and had them rated by individuals unfamiliar with them.
33
which temperament has considerable conceptual similarity to neuroticism, one of the supertraits in the five-factor model?
A) The temperament described by Buss and Plomin (1984) as emotionality.
B) The temperament described by Rothbart and Posner (1985) as avoidance temperament.
C) The temperament mentioned by Caspi, Roberts, & Shiner (2005) as a core supertrait.
D) The temperament discussed by Digman & Shmelyov (1996) as a pervasive influence.
B) The temperament described by Rothbart and Posner (1985) as avoidance temperament.
34
In the context of the "big five" personality traits, what does extraversion imply, particularly in relation to temperament?
A) Extraversion is primarily about avoiding social situations and rewards.
B) Extraversion is unrelated to any specific temperament.
C) Extraversion suggests a preference for being with others and may have overtones of an approach temperament.
D) Extraversion is synonymous with introversion, representing a personality trait characterized by a preference for solitude.
C) Extraversion suggests a preference for being with others and may have overtones of an approach temperament.
35
How is the trait of conscientiousness described
A) Conscientiousness is characterized by a spontaneous and carefree approach to life's activities.
B) Conscientiousness reflects a disorganized and erratic orientation toward daily tasks.
C) Conscientiousness is a planful, persistent, and focused orientation toward life's activities.
D) Conscientiousness is unrelated to effortful control and temperaments.
C) Conscientiousness is a planful, persistent, and focused orientation toward life's activities
36
How is openness to experience, or intellect, described in the context of the "big five," and what is the suggested link between this trait and intelligence?
A) Openness to experience is difficult to define, with multiple labels, and it has no clear connection to intelligence.
B) Openness to experience is linked to intelligence, a quality that can be thought of as a temperament.
C) Openness to experience is unrelated to any other traits and does not manifest early in life.
D) Openness to experience is synonymous with conscientiousness, reflecting a focused and planful orientation.
B) Openness to experience is linked to intelligence, a quality that can be thought of as a temperament, suggesting another connection between temperament and trait models.
37
What does the study within the framework of the five-factor model, conducted by Jang et al. (1998), reveal about the heritability of personality traits?
A) The study found that only the five supertraits are heritable, while facet traits are not influenced by genetics.
B) The study revealed that facet traits are heritable, but the overall supertraits are not influenced by genetics.
C) Both the five supertraits and most of the facet traits were found to be heritable, with genetic influences separate for facets and overall traits.
D) The study suggested that facet traits are not heritable, and the superordinate traits derive solely from environmental influences.
C) Both the five supertraits and most of the facet traits were found to be heritable, with genetic influences separate for facets and overall traits.
38
What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where environmental factors tend to make twins different in terms of personality, as opposed to making them alike?
A) Shared environmental effect
B) Genetic influence
C) Nonshared environmental effect
D) Concordance effect
C) Nonshared environmental effect
39
What important aspect should be considered when interpreting heritability estimates?
A) Heritability estimates are consistent across different populations and environments.
B) Heritability is a fixed and unchanging measure, regardless of variations in the population or environment.
C) The size of genetic and environmental influences depends on the consistency of heritability estimates.
D) Heritability estimates can vary across different samples and may change with changes in the population or environment.
D) Heritability estimates can vary across different samples and may change with changes in the population or environment
40
In the context of parental education's influence on heritability, what pattern is observed among families with low parental education compared to those with high parental education?
A) Families with low parental education show a large genetic effect and a small environmental effect.
B) Families with low parental education exhibit a large environmental effect and no genetic effect.
C) Families with high parental education demonstrate a substantial genetic effect and a negligible environmental effect.
D) Families with high parental education show a significant environmental effect and a minimal genetic effect.
C) Families with high parental education demonstrate a substantial genetic effect and a negligible environmental effect.
41
Why is it challenging to sort out causal responsibility when considering the correlation between genetic and environmental influences?
A) The correlation between genetic and environmental influences is purely coincidental and has no impact on causal responsibility.
B) Environmental effects are difficult to measure, making it unclear how much variability is left over after accounting for genetic effects.
C) The assumption that genetic and environmental influences are independent is naive, leading to difficulties in assigning causal responsibility.
D) Traditional methods for judging the size of an environmental effect rely solely on its correlation with genetic effects, creating confusion in causal attribution.
D) Traditional methods for judging the size of an environmental effect rely solely on its correlation with genetic effects, creating confusion in causal attribution.
42
How did Dickens and Flynn (2001) use intelligence as an example to illustrate the correlation between genetic and environmental influences?
A) They demonstrated that genetic influences on intelligence are entirely independent of environmental factors.
B) They showed that environmental influences on intelligence are unrelated to genetic factors.
C) They highlighted a correlation between high intelligence and environments that foster learning, leading to increased IQ.
D) They argued against the existence of any correlation between genetic and environmental influences on intelligence.
C) They highlighted a correlation between high intelligence and environments that foster learning, leading to increased IQ.
43
Why does the correlation between genetic and environmental influences make it challenging to assess causal responsibility?
A) It complicates the measurement of environmental effects, making it difficult to estimate their true impact.
B) Genetic effects are often mistakenly attributed to the environment due to their correlation, leading to misinterpretation.
C) The correlation between genetic and environmental influences is purely coincidental and doesn't impact causal assessments.
D) Traditional methods for judging the size of genetic effects rely solely on their correlation with environmental influences, causing confusion.
B) Genetic effects are often mistakenly attributed to the environment due to their correlation, leading to misinterpretation.
44
How is the size of an environmental effect traditionally judged
A) The size of an environmental effect is judged by its correlation with genetic effects
B) Environmental effects are evaluated based on their independence from genetic influences to avoid misattribution.
C) The size of an environmental effect is assessed by how much variability is left over after accounting for genetic effects.
D) none of the above
C) The size of an environmental effect is assessed by how much variability is left over after accounting for genetic effects.
45
Dickins and Flinn (2001) argument regarding the correlation between genetic and environmental influences applies to personality because
A) It emphasizes the independence of genetic factors and environmental influences on personality.
B) It suggests that genetic factors play a minimal role in personality development compared to environmental influences.
C) It highlights how people's genetic makeup influences the environments they enter, impacting personality development.
D) It argues against any correlation between genetic factors and the environments people choose, asserting that personality is solely determined by genetics.
C) It highlights how people's genetic makeup influences the environments they enter, impacting personality development.
46
Why is it challenging to assign causal responsibility in the context of genetic and environmental influences on personality development?
A) It is difficult to measure genetic effects accurately.
B) The size of an environmental effect is traditionally judged by its correlation with genetic effects, complicating causal attribution.
C) Genetic factors have a minimal impact on personality development compared to environmental influences.
D) Environmental effects are entirely independent of genetic factors.
B) The size of an environmental effect is traditionally judged by its correlation with genetic effects, complicating causal attribution.
47
What significant development has occurred in the world of genetic research in the past 15 years?
A) The completion of the human genome mapping project in 2000.
B) The decline in the identification of gene sequences.
C) A slowdown in the effort to map the human genome.
D) Increasing speed and affordability in identifying specific genes influencing individual differences, including vulnerability to disorders and normal personality traits.
D) Increasing speed and affordability in identifying specific genes influencing individual differences, including vulnerability to disorders and normal personality traits.
48
In the realm of genetic research, what achievement is characterized as "wildly successful" in recent years?
A) The rapid and cost-effective identification of specific genes influencing individual differences.
B) A significant decline in the identification of gene sequences.
C) The completion of the human genome mapping project.
D) A slowdown in the effort to map the genetic blueprint of the body.
C) The completion of the human genome mapping project.
49
what term is used to describe different versions or variants of a gene that can occur at a specific location on a chromosome?
A) Genetic disparity
B) Allele
C) polymorphism
D) Chromosomal diversity
B) Allele
50
in the context of genetics, what does the term "polymorphism" refer to?
A) chromosomal abnormalities
B) variations in DNA sequences at a specific location
C) genetic mutations
D) genetic disorders
B) variations in DNA sequences at a specific location
51
the existence of a having more than one allele for a given gene is known as
A) polymorphism
B) genetic anomaly
C) allelic mutation
D Chromosomal aberration
A) polymorphism
52
What is the term used to describe the existence of different patterns of DNA at a specific location on a chromosome?
A) Genomic variation
B) Allelic polymorphism
C) Genetic divergence
D) Polymorphism
D) Polymorphism
53
what does a genotype difference between individuals indicate in genetics?
A) chromosomal diversity
B) variations in DNA sequences
C) genetic aberration
D) Allelic discrepancy
B) variations in DNA sequences
54
whereas twin research is referred to as _________, the term used to describe the endeavor to correlate disparities in specific gene locations with other observable differences among individual is known as _______
A) Genomic exploration; Genetic mapping
B) Quantitative genetics; Molecular genetics
C) Allelic scrutiny; Quantitative genetics
D) Behavioral analysis; Chromosomal profiling
B) Quantitative genetics; Molecular genetics
55
What shift has occurred in the way genes are perceived in recent times?
A) Genes are now considered irrelevant in understanding inheritance.
B) Genes are seen as theoretical constructs with no physical presence.
C) Genes are now viewed as specific DNA sequences in particular chromosome locations.
D) Genes are no longer associated with patterns of inheritance.
C) Genes are now viewed as specific DNA sequences in particular chromosome locations.
56
What strategy did the initial genomic studies on the influence of genes on personality adopt?
A) The random gene selection approach
B) The comprehensive genome mapping strategy
C) The candidate gene strategy
D) The polymorphism exploration method
C) The candidate gene strategy
57
What characterises the candidate gene strategy in genomic studies?
A) It explores all possible polymorphisms across the entire genome.
B) It selectively examines particular gene locations based on their links to biological processes and theoretical reasoning.
C) It exclusively focuses on genes related to physical traits.
D) It involves the random selection of genes for analysis.
B) It selectively examines particular gene locations based on their links to biological processes and theoretical reasoning.
58
What is the significant trait associated with the long allele of the DRD4 gene?
A) Novelty seeking
B) Conscientiousness
C) Introversion
D) Agreeableness
A) Novelty seeking
59
Which neurotransmitter is implicated in the genetic studies related to personality, specifically in reward pursuit?
A) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
C) Norepinephrine
D) Acetylcholine
B) Dopamine
60
what has been used to examine particular genes locations selectively, based on evidence that those genes are linked to particular biological processes?
A) genome wide association studies
B) candidate gene strategy
C) gene by environment studies
D) gene expression strategy
B) candidate gene strategy
61
what kind of procedure is used in which the entire genome is examined for any and all differences that relate to an outcome of interest?
A) genome wide association studies
B) candidate gene strategy
C) gene by environment studies
D) gene expression strategy
A) genome wide association studies
62
an interaction in which the environment produces different outcomes depending n genetic composition
A) epigenetics
B) GxE (Gene-Environment Interaction)
C) Genotype
D) Phenotype
B) GxE (Gene-Environment Interaction)
63
What is a typical strategy in Gene-Environment Interaction (GxE) studies?
A) Analyzing genetic material in isolation
B) Ignoring environmental factors
C) Evaluating the impact of environment on a single genotype
D) Testing whether early adversity affects people with one genotype differently than it affects people with a different genotype
D) Testing whether early adversity affects people with one genotype differently than it affects people with a different genotype
64
What is a key consideration in testing for Gene-Environment Interaction (GxE) effects?
A) Ignoring technical issues
B) Disregarding the impact of the environment
C) Debating the usefulness of GxE research
D) Considering the genotype in terms of sensitivity to the environment rather than vulnerability
D) Considering the genotype in terms of sensitivity to the environment rather than vulnerability
65
how does the concept of of Gene-Environment Interaction (GxE) suggest that genes render some individuals more susceptible to environmental influences?
A) Genes change in response to the environment.
B) Environments alter the DNA sequence of genes.
C) Environments affect the functioning of genes.
D) Genes remain constant regardless of the environment.
C) Environments affect the functioning of genes.
66
the term used when the gene engages in processes that create a protein
A) gene expression
B) Genetic transcription
C) Genomic coding
D) Genetic translation
A) gene expression
67
What is one factor that influences gene expression by affecting the gene's accessibility to other chemicals?
A) Chromosomal rearrangement
B) Methylation
C) Genetic mutation
D) Transcriptional splicing
B) Methylation
68
a universal biochemical process which covalently adds methyl groups to the genes promoter region, also known as the genes "on" switch
A) Methylation
B) Acetylation
C) Transcription
D) Splicing
A) Methylation
69
What is the relationship between methylation and gene expression?
A) More methylation leads to increased gene expression.
B) More methylation leads to decreased gene expression.
C) There is no relationship between methylation and gene expression.
D) Methylation directly changes the gene sequence.
B) More methylation leads to decreased gene expression.
70
What is an epigenetic effect in the context of gene expression?
A) A direct alteration of the gene sequence.
B) An increase in methylation leading to enhanced gene expression.
C) A change in the gene itself.
D) An influence on gene expression without a change in the gene sequence, specifically involving methylation.
D) An influence on gene expression without a change in the gene sequence, specifically involving methylation.
71
Which of the following is NOT known to affect methylation?
A) stress levels
B) diet
C) Genetic mutations
D) Environmental exposures
C) Genetic mutations
72
chronic social isolation can greatly alter the expression of genes that are involved in immune responses is an example of
A) Methylation
B) Genetic mutation
C) Epigenetic effect
D) Transcriptional splicing
C) Epigenetic effect
73
what is an astonishing discovery related to epigenetic changes in gene expression?
A) Epigenetic changes are not heritable.
B) epigenetic changes can be passed from one generation to the next
C) Epigenetic changes are limited to specific tissues and do not impact overall heritability.
D) Epigenetic changes are only temporary and do not affect subsequent generations.
B) epigenetic changes can be passed from one generation to the next
74
What is the core assumption of sociobiology?
A) Social behaviors are entirely learned and not influenced by genetics.
B) Social behaviors are products of evolution, and patterns are retained genetically because they conferred an adaptive advantage.
C) Social behaviors have no biological basis.
D) Genetic influences play a minor role in social behaviors.
B) Social behaviors are products of evolution, and patterns are retained genetically because they conferred an adaptive advantage.
75
what was proposed as the study of the biological basis of social behavior
A) sociobiology
B) Psychobiology
C) Neurobiology
D) Ethology
A) sociobiology
76
in terms on natural selection, the term "selection" means that
A) one allele is more likely to show up in the next generation because it helped with survival or reproduction
B) Alleles are randomly chosen for the next generation.
C) Alleles are selected based on their frequency in the current generation.
D) The process of selection only applies to physical traits and not genetic material.
A) one allele is more likely to show up in the next generation because it helped with survival or reproduction
77
If a characteristic differs from person to person, what does it imply about the genes contributing to that characteristic?
A) There is only one form (allele) for each gene.
B) Each gene contributing to that characteristic has several potential forms (alleles).
C) The characteristic is entirely influenced by the environment.
D) Genes do not play a role in determining the characteristic
B) Each gene contributing to that characteristic has several potential forms (alleles).
78
What is directional selection?
A) A shift toward a lower proportion of the adaptive allele in the population's next generation.
B) A shift toward a higher proportion of the adaptive allele in the population's next generation.
C) A shift toward more genetic diversity in the population.
D) A shift that eliminates individual differences.
B) A shift toward a higher proportion of the adaptive allele in the population's next generation.
79
What is the potential outcome if directional selection goes on long enough?
A) Increased genetic diversity in the population.
B) Preservation of individual differences.
C) A shift toward a lower proportion of the adaptive allele.
D) Elimination of individual differences.
D) Elimination of individual differences.
80
How can a characteristic become universal in a population over many generations?
A) By maintaining a balance between individuals with and without the adaptive allele.
B) Through the elimination of individual differences.
C) By preserving genetic diversity.
D) Those without the adaptive allele fail to reproduce, and a larger proportion of the next generation has the adaptive one.
D) Those without the adaptive allele fail to reproduce, and a larger proportion of the next generation has the adaptive one.
81
why are there individual difference in characteristics, even if some are more adaptive than others?
A) Because individual differences are entirely determined by genetic factors.
B) Because adaptive value depends on the context, and what is useful in one environment may be useless or even fatal in another.
C) Because individuals with less adaptive characteristics are more likely to reproduce.
D) Because natural selection always favors the most adaptive characteristics.
B) Because adaptive value depends on the context, and what is useful in one environment may be useless or even fatal in another.
82
If openness to experience is adaptive in a benign environment but not adaptive in an environment with lots of diseases, what is this an example of?
A) Directional selection
B) Disruptive selection
C) Stabilizing selection
D) Environmental context-dependent selection
D) Environmental context-dependent selection
83
what kind of selection is important in maintaining genetic variability?
A) Directional selection
B) Disruptive selection
C) Stabilizing selection
D) Environmental context-dependent selection
C) Stabilizing selection
84
when does stabilising selection occur?
A) When an extreme value of a characteristic is more adaptive than an intermediate value.
B) When an intermediate value of a characteristic is less adaptive than the value at either extreme.
C) When an intermediate value of a characteristic is more adaptive than the value at either extreme.
D) none of the above
D) when an intermediate value of a characteristic is more adaptive than the value at either extreme
85
which of the following is NOT true in relation to what is presumed about intermediate values?
A) they reflect combinations of alleles
B) Intermediate values involve only specific alleles.
C) Predominance of intermediate values reflects combinations of alleles and probably involves multiple genes.
D) predominance of intermediate values implies genetic variability
B) Intermediate values involve only specific alleles.
86
In terms of adaptability, intermediate values of a characteristic are:
A) more adaptive than an extreme value
B) less adaptive than an extreme value
C) equally adaptive as an extreme value
D) unpredictable in terms of adaptability
A) more adaptive than an extreme value
87
what is the ultimate determinant of evolutionary success?
A) Individual survival
B) Group survival
C) The size of the population
D) The gene pool in a population
D) The gene pool in a population
88
what is the term used for the passing on of genes through the survival of relatives?
A) Genetic inheritance
B) Kin selection
C) Familial transmission
D) Inclusive fitness
D) Inclusive fitness
89
the phenomenon of inclusive fitness, which helps aspects of your genetic makeup be passed on because your relatives resemble you genetically is also known as
A) Genetic resemblance theory
B) Kin selection
C) Familial adaptation
D) Genetic inheritance
B) kin selection
90
if altruism is genetically based then people will be
A) more altruistic toward those in their kinship group than strangers
B) Equally altruistic toward kinship groups and strangers.
C) Less altruistic toward kinship groups than strangers.
D) Altruism will not be influenced by genetic factors.
A) more altruistic toward those in their kinship group than strangers
91
what is the argument regarding the evolutionary basis for cooperation among nonrelatives?
A) Cooperation is only genetically based.
B) Cooperation is not influenced by evolutionary factors.
C) Evolution has built into humans various ways to regulate relationships, and cooperative tendencies lead to better outcomes for the group.
D) Cooperation is solely based on individual survival.
C) Evolution has built into humans various ways to regulate relationships, and cooperative tendencies lead to better outcomes for the group.
92
what concept was extended by Rushton and his colleagues to what they call genetic similarity theory?
A) Altruism toward strangers.
B) Inclusive fitness.
C) Cooperation among nonrelatives.
D) none of the above
B) Inclusive fitness.
93
what is the core idea of genetic similarity theory?
A) Genes are only represented in the next generation by direct descendants.
B) A gene is represented in the next generation by anything that brings about reproduction of any organism in which copies of the gene exist
C) Genetic similarity theory only applies to humans.
D) Genes are only represented in the next generation by individuals who share a high degree of genetic similarity.
B) A gene is represented in the next generation by anything that brings about reproduction of any organism in which copies of the gene exist
94
how does the genetic similarity theory suggest that being attracted to strangers who resemble you genetically aids in the survival of the gene?
A) It does not affect the survival of the gene.
B) Attraction increases the odds of reproducing and passing genes into offspring.
C) Attraction only occurs between individuals with identical genes.
D) Attraction has no connection to the passing of genes to the next generation.
B) Attraction increases the odds of reproducing and passing genes into offspring.
95
Rushton's genetic similarity theory posits that
A) You’re more attracted to strangers who resemble you genetically than those who don’t.
B) You’re less attracted to strangers who resemble you genetically than those who don’t.
C) Attraction is not influenced by genetic factors.
D) You’re equally attracted to all strangers regardless of genetic similarity.
A) you’re more attracted to strangers who resemble you genetically than those who don’t
96
Based on Rushton's study, what did he find regarding genetic similarity in sexually involved couples and their likelihood of reproducing?
A) Sexually involved couples had less genetic similarity compared to randomly paired individuals.
B) Couples with children had less genetic similarity than those without children.
C) Sexually involved couples had significantly more genetic similarity than randomly paired individuals.
D) Couples with children had significantly more genetic similarity than those without children.
D) Couples with children had significantly more genetic similarity than those without children.
97
what is NOT true relating genetic similarity and attraction
A) women prefer the odor of men who are genetically similar to their fathers
B) among sexually active couples, those who were are similar are most likely to have reproduced.
C) the attraction effect applies to same-sex friendships.
D) genetic similarity has no impact on attraction among sexually active couples.
D) Genetic similarity has no impact on attraction among sexually active couples.
98
The general idea that people choose mates on the basis of particular characteristics is called
A) Assortative mating
B) Selective pairing
C) Homogamous bonding
D) Disparate coupling
A) assortative mating
99
from an evolutionary perspective, what is the general rule in biology in relation to reproduction and sex?
A) The sex with the greater investment in their offspring will generate more offspring over the lifespan
B) the sex with the greater investment in their offspring will generate fewer offspring over the lifespan
C) Both sexes contribute equally to offspring, leading to similar reproductive outcomes
D) The sex with the lesser investment in their offspring will generate fewer offspring over the lifespan
B) the sex with the greater investment in their offspring will generate fewer offspring over the lifespan
100
In the context of evolutionary psychology and reproductive strategies, what is a key difference in the mating strategies between men and women?
A) Women tend to maximize sexual opportunities, copulating as often as possible.
B) Men tend to hold back from mating until they identify the best available female.
C) Both men and women adopt similar mating strategies based on emotional connections.
D) Men tend to view women as sex objects, while women tend to view men as success objects
D) Men tend to view women as sex objects, while women tend to view men as success objects
101
which of the following is NOT true regarding
predictions of evolutionary psychology for sex differences in mating tendencies
A) the prime basis of jealousy for men is partners sexual infidelity
B) the desired quality for a potential mate for males is childbearing capacity
C) the prime basis of jealousy for females is a partner's emotional attachment to another
D) the optimal production strategy for men is to locate and hold onto the best quality mate
D) the optimal production strategy for men is to locate and hold onto the best quality mate
102
What is the young male syndrome?
A) A pattern of male posturing in response to competition for mating opportunities.
B) The tendency for males to engage in risky behaviors, such as driving, due to competition for mates.
C) Confrontation and potentially serious violence among males facing hard competition for scarce resources (females).
D) A pattern of behavior coded in every man's genes, likely to emerge when current situations predict reproductive failure.
C) Confrontation and potentially serious violence among males facing hard competition for scarce resources (females).
103
when is the young male syndrome most likely to emerge?
A) during periods of reproductive success
B) when current situations predict reproductive failure
C) when males have abundant resources
D) in situations with low competition for mates
B) when current situations predict reproductive failure
104
the genetic orientation approaches the assessment of personality the same way as the
A) Psychoanalytic approach
B) Behavioral approach
C) Humanistic approach
D) Trait approach
D) trait approach
105
the term used to describe the similarity of diagnosis between pairs of twins
A) heritability
B) concordance
C) Genetic predisposition
D) Trait stability
B) concordance
106
From an evolutionary perspective, what did Barash suggest as a slow process that occurs over millennia that prepares us to live in a world very different from the one we live in now
A) genetic evolution
B) biological evolution
C) social evolution
D) cultural evolution
B) biological evolution
107
what aspect of temperament has the two highly correlated aspects known as Vigor and Tempo
A) impulsivity
B) emotionality
C) sociability
D) activity level
D) activity level
108
For many years, research on the behavior genetics of problems focused mainly on
A) depression and bipolar
B) schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
C) anxiety and schizophrenia
D) personality disorders
B) schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
109
Barash (1986) argued that many difficulties in human life stem from the fact that two kinds of evolution influence people, what are theses two kinds of evolution
A) individual and collective evolution
B) biological and cultural evolution
C) psychological and social evolution
D) environmental and technological evolution
B) biological and cultural evolution
110
compared to biological evolution, cultural evolution
A) is less influential in shaping human behavior
B) has no impact on human development
C) occurs over millennia
D) is a fast process
D) is a fast process
111
your experiences of life stem partly from what ______ shaped humans to be during prehistory and partly from the cultural circumstances in which you live.
A) genetic evolution
B) biological evolution
C) social evolution
D) cultural evolution
B) biological evolution
112
Barash (1986) pointed out that ________ prepared us to live in a world very different from the one we live in now
A) genetic evolution
B) biological evolution
C) social evolution
D) cultural evolution
B) biological evolution
113
according to Barash's evolutionary psychology view, behavioural problems arise from
A) an overemphasis on individual autonomy
B) our biological predispositions are not aligned with the demands of contemporary culture
C) a lack of societal norms and values
D) the absence of genetic influences on behavior
B) our biological predispositions are not aligned with the demands of contemporary culture
114
evolutionary predispositions related to aggression, mating, or social hierarchies may clash with cultural values emphasizing cooperation, monogamy, or egalitarianism fits what idea of behavioural problems
A) inherent flaws in human nature
B) biological evolution vs cultural evolution
C) the inevitability of conflict in society
D) cultural values superseding evolutionary predispositions
B) biological evolution vs cultural evolution
