SELF ACTUALISATION & SELF DETERMINATION Flashcards by Jordan Crystal

the self actualisation views people as having an ________ towards self actualization

A) extrinsic motivation

B) avoidance tendency

C) innate resistance

D) intrinsic tendency

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Rogers’ ideas provide a way to talk about how

A) self-esteem is developed

B) potential is realized and how that can fail to happen

C) individuals are shaped by external factors

D) personality traits are inherited

B) potential is realized and how that can fail to happen

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in Rogers view, actualisation is the term used to describe

A) The inherent inclination of individuals to cultivate and improve their abilities in manners that uphold or elevate the overall functioning of the organism.

B) The drive for social recognition and acknowledgment as a fundamental aspect of the self-actualization process.

C) The ongoing pursuit of power and control as a central aspect of the self-actualization tendency.

D) The continuous quest for external rewards and incentives as a primary component of the self-actualization drive.

A) The inherent inclination of individuals to cultivate and improve their abilities in manners that uphold or elevate the overall functioning of the organism.

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the potential for positive, healthy growth expresses itself in everyone if there are no strong opposing influences

A) self-esteem

B) actualization

C) self-concept

D) self-regulation

B) actualization

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Maintenance or development of the self is called

A) self-esteem

B) self-actualization

C) self-concept

D) self-regulation

B) self-actualization

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what is a fundamental role in self actualisation

A) incongruence

B) congruence

C) self-concept

D) self-regulation

B) congruence

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An integration within the self and a coherence between your self and your experiences

A) incongruence

B) congruence

C) self-concept

D) self-regulation

B) congruence

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Rogers believed that the actualizing tendency is part of human nature. This belief is also reflected in another term he used: the

A) self-concept

B) organismic valuing process

C) self-regard

D) conditional positive regard

B) organismic valuing process

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according to Carl Rogers, this term refers to an innate tendency within individuals to evaluate and prioritize experiences based on their perceived contribution to personal growth and self-actualization

A) self-concept

B) organismic valuing process

C) self-regard

D) conditional positive regard

B) organismic valuing process

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what does organismic valuing process involve

A) an external, objective assessment of the congruence between one’s experiences and one’s inherent values and goals

B) a comparison with external standards and societal expectations

C) adherence to external cultural norms

D) an internal, subjective assessment of the congruence between one’s experiences and one’s inherent values and goals

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what process plays a crucial role in guiding individuals toward authenticity and fulfilling their unique potentials.

A) self-concept

B) organismic valuing process

C) self-regard

D) conditional positive regard

B) organismic valuing process

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what phrase did Rogers use to describe someone who is self-actualizing

A) self-actualized individual

B) fully functioning person

C) optimal self

D) idealized personality

B) fully functioning person

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The internal signal that indicates whether self-actualization is occurring.

A) self-concept

B) organismic valuing process

C) self-regard

D) conditional positive regard

B) organismic valuing process

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A person who’s open to life’s experiences and who is self-actualizing

A) self-actualized individual

B) fully functioning person

C) optimal self

D) idealized personality

B) fully functioning person

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what does a fully functioning person refer to

A) a self-critical individual

B) a particular kind of person

C) an external evaluation

D) a way of functioning

C) a way of functioning

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In addition to self actualisation, people need to have positive regard, this refers to

A) external praise and internal criticism

B) positive self-talk and self-affirmation

C) something that guides individuals toward authenticity and fulfilling their unique potentials

D) acceptance, love, friendship, and affection of others

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Positive regard can come in two ways, what are they

A) external praise and internal criticism

B) positive self-talk and positive self-affirmation

C) positive self esteem and conditional positive regard

D) unconditional positive regard and conditional positive regard

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Affection given without special conditions—with “no strings attached”—is called

A) unconditional positive regard

B) Conditional self-regard

C) conditional positive regard

D) unconditional self regard

A) unconditional positive regard

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what does unconditional positive regard refer to

A) Acceptance and affection with “no strings attached
‘

B) Affection that’s given only under certain conditions

C) Self-acceptance that’s given only under certain conditions

D) none of the above

A) Acceptance and affection with “no strings attached.

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affection that is given only if certain conditions are satisfied

A) unconditional positive regard

B) Conditional self-regard

C) conditional positive regard

D) unconditional love

C) conditional positive regard

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I’ll like you and accept you, but only if you act in a particular way

A) unconditional positive regard

B) conditional self-regard

C) conditional positive regard

D) none of the above

C) conditional positive regard

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what does conditional positive regard refer to

A) Acceptance and affection with “no strings attached
‘

B) Affection that’s given only under certain conditions

C) Self-acceptance that’s given only under certain conditions

D) none of the above

B) Affection that’s given only under certain conditions

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Much of the affection people get in their day-to-day lives is

A) unpredictable

B) inconsistent

C) unconditional

D) conditional

D) conditional.

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conditions under which people are judged worthy of positive regard

A) conditions of worth

B) conditions of self worth

C) conditions of acceptance

D) conditions of value

A) conditions of worth

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what does conditions of worth refer to A) the conditions under which people are judged worthy of self actualisation B) the conditions under which people are judged worthy of positive regard C) the conditions under which people are judged worthy of values D) all the above

B) the conditions under which people are judged worthy of positive regard

when people act to conform to a condition of worth, they’re doing so A) because the act is intrinsically desirable B) to get positive regard from other people C) to assert their independence D) as a form of self-expression

B) to get positive regard from other people

Rogers argued that having conditions of worth applied to us by people around us causes us to A) develop a sense of autonomy B) apply the conditions to ourselves C) resist societal expectations D) embrace unconditional positive regard

B) apply the conditions to ourselves

According to Rogers, when we satisfy our own conditions of worth we A) meet societal expectations B) foster external validation C) give ourselves affection and acceptance D) seek conditional positive regard

C) give ourselves affection and acceptance

what is a process that can interfere with self-actualization A) Conditions of worth B) Unconditional positive regard C) Intrinsic motivation D) Congruence

A) Conditions of worth

What defines a condition of worth is that it’s a A) self-imposed limitation B) precondition for acceptance C) form of self-expression D) intrinsic motivation

B) precondition for acceptance

what is true about the nature of a "condition of worth"? a) It is always liberating b) It is inherently coercive c) It is optional for individuals d) It promotes autonomy

b) It is inherently coercive

what is a consistent characteristic of a "condition of worth"? a) Autonomy b) Coerciveness c) Flexibility d) Liberating nature

b) Coerciveness

what does contingent self worth refer to A) Contingencies placed on positive regard B) Self-acceptance that’s based on performance in some domain of life. C) Affection that’s given only under certain conditions. D) none of the above

B) Self-acceptance that’s based on performance in some domain of life.

conditional self worth refers to self-acceptance that’s based on ________ in some domain of life, whereas conditional self-regard refers to self-acceptance that’s given only under _____ conditions. A) external validation; specific B) performance; certain C) unconditional love; particular D) internal reflection; varying

B) performance; certain

Deci and Ryans theory of self determination posits that A) external rewards are the primary motivators B) intrinsic motivation is irrelevant C) external factors determine personal growth D) three needs need to be satisfied in order have a life of growth, integrity and well being

D) three needs need to be satisfied in order have a life of growth, integrity and well being

what are the three needs that Deci and Ryan believe underlie the motivation to self initiated behaviour A) press, motive, and need B) competence, relatedness, and autonomy C) external, internal, and intrinsic D) achievement, affiliation, and power

B) competence, relatedness and autonomy

According to Deci and Ryan, three basic psychological needs motivate A) external rewards B) social conformity C) self-improvement D) self initiated behaviour

D) self initiated behaviour

According to Deci and Ryan, behaviour can reflect two underlying dynamics, what are these actions A) automatic and deliberate B) self-determined and controlled C) conscious and unconscious D) voluntary and involuntary

B) self-determined and controlled

actions done either because they have intrinsic interest for you or are of value to you A) controlled B) self determined C) accomplishment D) motivation

B) self determined

actions that are done to gain payment or to satisfy some pressure A) controlled B) self determined C) accomplishment D) motivation

A) controlled

If you do something because you know you’d feel guilty if you didn’t, you’re engaging in A) intrinsic motivation B) extrinsic motivation C) self determined behaviour D) controlled behavior

D) controlled behavior

People stay interested longer when they see their actions as A) intrinsic motivation B) extrinsic motivation C) self determined behaviour D) controlled behavior

C) self determined behaviour

People lose interest in activities when promised a ______ for working on them A) reward B) punishment C) challenge D) recognition

A) reward

People lose interest in activities when promised a reward for working on them, what specifically cases one to lose interest A) the reward itself B) knowing that the behaviour is not self determined C) intrinsic motivation D) lack of external reinforcement

B) knowing that the behaviour is not self determined

what are two aspects underlying reward that determine if that reward will increase motivation instead of undermining it A) extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation B) controlling aspect and informational aspect C) reward size and frequency D) positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

B) controlling aspect and informational aspect

the ________ aspect of a reward, tells you that your actions are not autonomous and an _________ aspect of reward informs you about yourself A) external; internal B) determined ; informational C) controlling; informational D) extrinsic; intrinsic

C) controlling; informational

what does self determination refer to A) External influences on behavior B) Deciding for yourself what to do C) A process of growing in ways that maintain or enhance the self. D) Conforming to societal expectations

B) Deciding for yourself what to do

according to Deci and Ryan, accomplishments will only be satisfying if people feel A) controlled in them B) self determination in them C) pressured by others D) extrinsically motivated

B) self determination in them

according to Deci and Ryan, the ideal degree of motivation is A) controlled B) extrinsic motivation C) pressure D) intrinsic motivation

D) intrinsic motivation

introjected motivation is an extrinsic motivation in which one focuses on A) approval from self B) conscious valuing and endorsement C) inherent interest, enjoyment and satisfaction D) congruence with self

A) approval from self

introjected regulation occurs when a person treats a behaviour as A) something that needs to be done to avoid guilt or gain self-approval B) personally meaningful and valuable C) intrinsically motivated D) aligned with societal norms

A) something that needs to be done to avoid guilt or gain self-approval

identified regulation is an extrinsic motivation relating to A) approval from self B) conscious valuing and endorsement C) inherent interest, enjoyment and satisfaction D) congruence with self

B) conscious valuing and endorsement

introjected regulation is _______ and identified regulation is ___________ A) externally motivated; intrinsically motivated B) controlled; self determined C) self-determined; controlled D) intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

B) controlled; self determined

identified regulation occurs when a person treats a behaviour as A) something that needs to be done to avoid guilt or gain self-approval B) personally meaningful and valuable C) extrinsically motivated D) aligned with societal norms

B) personally meaningful and valuable

If you try to do well in a class so that you won’t feel guilty about wasting your parents’ tuition money, what kind of behaviour does this reflect A) Intrinsic motivation B) Extrinsic motivation C) Identified regulation D) Introjected regulation

D) Introjected regulation

If you try to do well in a class because you believe that learning is important to your growth, what kind of behaviour does this reflect A) Intrinsic motivation B) Extrinsic motivation C) Identified regulation D) Introjected regulation

C) Identified regulation

The pressures that lead to introjected behavior stem from the desire to A) thinking you should do a behaviour B) avoid a sense of guilt C) be accepted by others D) all the above

D) all the above

what goals are most important to pursue A) externally imposed goals B) self-concordant goals C) outcome-focused goals D) intrinsic goals

B) self concordant goals

what does self concordance refer to A) Following societal expectations B) Pursuing goals that are consistent with your core values C) Achieving external validation D) Adopting goals based on peer pressure

B) Pursuing goals that are consistent with your core values

In Rogers’s view, people are free to choose whether to act in A) predetermined ways B) self-actualizing ways C) externally controlled ways D) unproductive ways

B) self actualising ways

In Deci and Ryan’s view, people exert their will when they act in A) predetermined ways B) self actualisation C) externally controlled ways D) self determination

D) self determination

what is a phenomenon known to lead to the reassertion of freedom A) resistance B) reactance C) recurrence D) withdrawal

B) reactance

what does reactance refer to A) A motive to regain or reassert a presumed freedom that’s been threatened B) Helping others with the expectation the help will be returned. C) The process of preventing an idea or impulse from becoming conscious D) The degree to which your self-schema is differentiated and compartmentalized

A) A motive to regain or reassert a presumed freedom that’s been threatened

________ happens when you expect to have a particular freedom and you see it as being threatened. A) resistance B) reactance C) recurrence D) withdrawal

B) reactance

according to Deci and Ryan, what do people exert when they act in self determination A) will B) intent C) motive D) effort

A) will

according to Rogers, the self A) remains static throughout life B) becomes fixed during early childhood C) reaches an end state in adolescence D) never reaches an end state but continues to evolve

D) never reaches an end state but continues to evolve

according to Rogers, the self concept is A) a fixed and unchangeable construct B) the set of qualities a person views as being parts of oneself C) determined solely by external factors D) an external evaluation by others

B) the set of qualities a person views as being parts of oneself

what are distinctive elements of self concept A) them and me selves B) actual self and ideal self C) first self and second self D) external and internal self

B) actual self and ideal self

The _______ is the image of the kind of person you want to be. The ______ is what you think you’re really like. A) ideal self; actual self B) external self; internal self C) future self; present self D) conscious self; unconscious self

A) ideal self; actual self

self-actualizing is supposed to promote A) conformity B) self-doubt C) congruence D) external validation

C) congruence

Congruence means A) inconsistency B) rigidity C) incongruence D) fitting together

D) fitting together

One kind of congruence is between A) external and internal selves B) past and future selves C) conscious and unconscious selves D) actual and ideal selves.

D) actual and ideal selves.

the experiences you have in life should fit with the kind of person you think you are highlights the importance of A) congruence between them and me B) congruence between actual self and experience C) congruence between internal and external selves D) none of the above

B) congruence between actual self and experience

if you think you’re a kind person and you find yourself doing something unkind, there’s a/an A) congruence between self and experience B) external influence on behavior C) incongruity between self and experience D) external validation

C) incongruity between self and experience

Self-verification theory proposes that people A) prefer others to see them as they see themselves, even if their self-views happen to be negative. B) seek external validation regardless of their self-views. C) aim to conform to societal expectations. D) prioritize congruence between their self and external feedback.

A) prefer others to see them as they see themselves, even if their self-views happen to be negative.

what is an example of self-verification A) seeking external validation B) If you think you’re shy, you want others to realize it C) conforming to societal expectations D) striving for incongruence between self and others' perceptions

B) If you think you’re shy, you want others to realize it

_______ is trying not to have incongruity between self and experience. _____ is trying not to be aware of incongruity between one’s desired self and actual self. A) Congruence; Incongruence B) Self-verification; Self-protection C) Self-determination; Self-actualization D) Self-fulfillment; Self-regulation

B) Self-verification ; Self-protection

For the person with a negative self-view, there’s a built-in conflict between A) self-actualization and self-regulation B) self-determination and self-verification C) self-verification and self-protection D) self-concordance and self-fulfillment

C) self-verification and self-protection

Attempts to diminish incongruities between self verification and self protection can A) align with each other seamlessly B) create a harmonious self-concept C) lead to internal consistency D) pull a person in opposite directions.

D) pull a person in opposite directions.

a persons self concept has A) only negative qualities B) external influences on self-concept C) both negative and positive qualities D) only positive qualities

C) both negative and positive qualities

if someone perceives a quality of themselves as bad, they would rather A) want to only hear good things about that bad quality B) get information that contrasts their perception C) get information that says you’re bad in that quality D) not hear anything about it

C) get information that says you’re bad in that quality

in Rogers view, what is the underlying cause of anxiety A) self-actualization B) incongruence between a real and ideal self or your self image C) external validation D) self-protection

B) incongruence between a real and ideal self or your self image

what is true regarding the experience of incongruence between actual and ideal selves A) It enhances self-esteem B) it leads people to underestimate how much their significant others care for them C) It promotes self-verification D) It aligns with the concept of self-actualization

B) it leads people to underestimate how much their significant others care for them

Rogers assumed that people _______ even with the perception of incongruence, to avoid the anxiety it create A) seek good about themselves B) defend themselves C) ignore others perception about themselves D) none of the above

B) defend themselves

Defenses against perceptions of incongruity form two categories, what are they A) Strengthening self-esteem and fostering positive self-perception. B) distortion of experience and preventing threatening experiences from reaching awareness C) Enhancing positive experiences and avoiding threatening situations for self-defense. D) self-concordance and self-fulfillment

B) distortion of experience and preventing threatening experiences from reaching awareness

the defense involving 'distortion of experience' includes A) projection B) intellectualization C) denial D) rationalisation

D) rationalisation

creating a plausible but untrue explanation for why something is the way it is. A) projection B) intellectualization C) denial D) rationalisation

D) rationalisation

if you say something that makes someone else feel bad, you may protect yourself by believing the other person wasn’t really upset. A) projection B) intellectualization C) denial D) rationalisation

D) rationalisation

the defense of preventing threatening experiences from reaching awareness includes A) projection B) intellectualization C) denial D) rationalisation

C) denial

refusing to admit to yourself that a situation exists or an experience took place serves what function A) preventing threatening experiences from reaching awareness B) distortion of experience C) fostering awareness and acceptance of difficult experiences D) enhancing positive self-perception through self-affirmation

A) preventing threatening experiences from reaching awareness

a person whose self-image is threatened by having sexual feelings toward attractive strangers may avoid going to the beach or nightclubs, involves a _____ defence A) intellectualising B) projective C) denial D) prevention

D) prevention

what is the role of defences in the self A) Suppressing awareness of the self B) They maintain and enhance the congruity or integrity of the self C) Undermining the authenticity of the self D) Fostering self-discovery and exploration

B) they maintain and enhance the congruity or integrity of the self

if Defenses act to maintain and enhance the congruity or integrity of the self, this means that they protect and enhance A) self-awareness and self-reflection B) interpersonal relationships and social connections C) mental health and emotional stability D) self esteem

D) self esteem

what are the two conditions required to make someone concerned about maintaining or enhancing self esteem A) Event must be unrelated to the person and the event must be positive. B) event must be attributable to the person and the event must be good or bad C) Event must be random and the event must be insignificant. D) Event must be uncontrollable and the event must be neutral.

B) event must be attributable to the person and the event must be good or bad

what did rogers suggest about what people do when there is a threat to their self esteem A) People seek external validation to boost their self-esteem. B) People become indifferent to threats and challenges. C) People either distort their perceptions or distance themselves from the threat D) People confront the threat head-on and address it directly.

C) People either distort their perceptions or distance themselves from the threat

when someone experiences failure, they tend to A) Attribute the causes to internal factors. B) Avoid making any attributions about the failure. C) Attribute the causes to random chance. D) Attribute the causes to something external

D) attribute the causes to something external

what is the role of attribution bias in instances of threatened self esteem A) It intensifies the emotional impact of the failure. B) It minimizes the significance of the failure. C) It shifts the focus from self to external factors. D) It provides distance between the failure and you

D) It provides distance between the failure and you

which of the following is an example of someone who has experienced failure but disorts their perception of the failure A) Bianca who aced the exam and then claimed it wasn't important or valid. B) joel who did poorly on an exam and then saying its not important and not so valid C) Lisa who worked hard but failed and blamed it on the unfair difficulty of the questions D) Alex who succeeded in a competition but downplayed the achievement as mere luck.

B) joel who did poorly on an exam and then saying its not important and not so valid

acting to create the very conditions that tend to produce a failure A) confrontation B) alienation C) sabotage D) self handicapping

D) self handicapping

in what conditions do people self handicap more A) when they anticipate success B) when they expect a bad outcome C) when they are highly motivated to succeed D) when they have a history of past success

B) when they expect a bad outcome

If you want to make a good impression on someone, but show up drunk or drenched in sweat from playing basketball when meeting them, you have engaged in A) Impression management B) Self handicapping C) Social inhibition D) Norm violation

B) Self handicapping

what does self handicapping do A) Enhances self-esteem B) Prevents awareness of failing C) Encourages self-reflection D) Boosts motivation

B) Prevents awareness of failing

what conditions are required for self handicapping to be successful A) Requires deliberate intention B) You need to be unaware that you’re using it C) Involves constant self-monitoring D) Depends on external validation

B) You need to be unaware that you’re using it

first proposed and studied by Steele, this concept refers to an individual who has a negative perception of the self because of feeling prejudged A) Social identity B) Stereotype threat C) Prejudice perception D) Self-stigmatization

B) stereotype threat

The negative stereotype of women includes an expectation that they will perform poorly in math is an example of A) Social identity B) Stereotype threat C) Prejudice perception D) Self-stigmatization

B) Stereotype threat

if negative stereotyping of a group happens frequently, Steele (1997) argued that the person begins to ______ with the domain in which the threat is occurring—to stop caring about it A) Associate positively B) Disidentify C) Overidentify D) Engage extensively

B) disidentify

if an individual disidentifiers after a frequently occuring stereotype threat, disidentifying acts to A) Foster a stronger identification B) Protects self-esteem by denying that the experience is relevant to the self C) Enhance group cohesion D) Encourage self-reflection

B) Protects self-esteem by denying that the experience is relevant to the self

maslow was interested in the ________ of people who seem to get the most out of life—the most fully functioning of persons, the healthiest and best adjusted A) Motivations B) Qualities C) Characteristics D) Attributes

B) qualities

Abraham Maslow focused his work almost exclusively on the ______ side of human experience side of human experience A) Spiritual B) Negative C) Material D) Positive

D) positive

who cared about issues of personal growth and the realization of human potential A) Erikson B) Maslow C) Bandura D) Piaget

B) Maslow

In maslows view, needs vary in their A) essence and strength B) immediacy and power C) strength and direction D) complexity and universality

B) immediacy and power

according to Maslows needs hierarchy, in what order, from bottom to top do these needs occur A) Survival, security, social connection, self-worth, and self-realization B) Physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization C) Basic, intermediate, relational, personal, and transcendental D) Foundational, protective, affiliative, egoistic, and transformative

B) Physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization

according to Maslon, what needs bear on evaluation (and self-evaluation). A) safety B) self esteem C) physiological D) love and belongingness

B) self esteem

in contrast to acceptance from others, which relate to love and belongingness, 'appreciation' in relation to self esteem needs in maslows hierarchy relates to A) the need for external validation B) an evaluative quality that is appreciated and esteemed C) a recognition that you are motivated D) none of the above

B) an evaluative quality that is appreciated and esteemed

in Maslows hierarchy of needs, the need for ______ is more elaborate than the need for _________. A) Appreciation; acceptance B) Esteem; safety C) Self-actualization; love D) Security; belongingness

A) appreciation; acceptance

the tendency to become whatever you’re capable of becoming, to extend yourself to the limits of your capacities A) Self-actualization B) Self-discovery C) Self-reflection D) Self-fulfillment

A) self-actualization

Maslow held that the power of the motive force ________ as you move up the pyramid. On the other hand, as you move up, the needs are also more distinctly _______ A) Strengthens; human B) Weakens ; human C) Diminishes; individual D) Increases; complex

B) Weakens ; human

who saw a trade-off between the constraints of biology and the uniqueness of being human A) Rogers B) Maslow C) Freud D) Jung

B) Maslow

what is one implication of Maslows hierarchy of needs A) Needs are static and unchanging and they cannot move unless one is satisfied B) If a need begins to develop at a lower level while you’re trying to satisfy a higher one, the lower-level need can cause you to be pulled away from the higher one C) The hierarchy is universally applicable to all cultures D) Maslow's hierarchy only applies to physiological needs

B) If a need begins to develop at a lower level while you’re trying to satisfy a higher one, the lower-level need can cause you to be pulled away from the higher one

the further up the pyramid you go A) The more complex and spiritual the motive B) The more urgent and critical the motive C) The more instinctual and primal the motive D) The more subtle and less survival-related the motive

D) The more subtle and less survival-related the motive

Maslow (1955) said that the motives low on the pyramid are _______ motives, whereas those high on the pyramid (particularly, self-actualization) are ________ motives A) growth-based ;deficiency-based B) deficiency-based ; growth-based C) Instinctual; conscious D) Intrinsic; extrinsic

B) deficiency-based ; growth-based

according to Maslow, deficiency based motives are A) Motives reflecting a lack within the person that needs to be filled. B) Motives reflecting the desire to extend and elaborate yourself. C) Motives associated with self-actualization. D) Motives related to social connection.

A) Motives reflecting a lack within the person that needs to be filled.

according to Maslow, growth based motives are A) Motives reflecting a lack within the person that needs to be filled. B) Motives reflecting the desire to extend and elaborate yourself. C) Motives associated with safety and security. D) Motives driven by external validation.

B) Motives reflecting the desire to extend and elaborate yourself.

In Maslows view, lower needs arise from ______. Satisfying them means _______ unpleasant conditions. A) Self-reflection; embracing B) Self-actualization; avoiding C) Deprivation; escaping D) Abundance; confronting

C) Deprivation; escaping

Rogers emphasized two motives: the self-actualizing tendency and the need for positive regard, which relate to A) avoidance and rejection B) indifference and criticism C) hostility and judgment D) affection and acceptance

D) affection and acceptance

compared to Maslow, Rogers A) Focused on basic needs B) Focused on social needs C) Emphasized cognitive development D) Emphasized behavioral conditioning

B) focused on social needs

Maslow believed, as did Rogers, A) That the need for acceptance could be more demanding than the need for self-actualization B) That self-actualization is the sole driver of behavior C) That social needs are the foundation of human motivation D) That basic physiological needs are the highest priority

A) That the need for acceptance could be more demanding than the need for self-actualization

The intermediate level of Maslow’s pyramid—esteem needs—can be viewed as an elaboration on what needs set out by Rogers A) Social needs B) Self-actualization C) Cognitive needs D) need for positive regard

D) need for positive regard

Esteem needs in Maslow’s pyramid seem similar, in many ways, to Rogers’s A) social needs B) conditions of worth C) self actualisation D) need for positive regard

B) conditions of worth

To Rogers, _______ is bad. To Maslow, _____ are part of being human, although less important than the need for self-actualization A) Challenge; obstacles B) Conditions of worth; esteem needs C) Criticism; growth D) Uncertainty; self-discovery

B) Conditions of worth; esteem needs

what did both Maslow and Rogers agree on A) The primacy of physiological needs B) The insignificance of self-actualization C) Esteem needs can get in the way of self-actualization D) The exclusive focus on external validation

C) esteem needs can get in the way of self-actualization

according to Maslow, self actualisers have characteristics of all EXCEPT A) Are efficient and accurate in perceiving reality B) Are highly dependent on external validation C) Are spontaneous in thought and emotion, natural rather than artificial D) Are accepting of themselves, of other people, and of nature

B) Are highly dependent on external validation

a characteristic of self-actualizers is a mental spontaneity, and this quality is linked with A) A rigid adherence to routine B) Having a fresh appreciation of life, an excitement in the process of living C) A tendency to resist change D) A preference for predictability and familiarity

B) having a fresh appreciation of life, an excitement in the process of living

the characteristic of mental spontaneity in self-actualizers is reflected in A) Rigid thinking patterns B) Creativity C) Conformity D) Passivity

B) Creativity

The self-actualizing person is often said to be problem centered, where problem refers to A) Routine issues B) Enduring questions of philosophy or ethics C) Temporary challenges D) External conflicts

B) Enduring questions of philosophy or ethics

according to Maslow, Transcendent self-actualizers A) Place little importance on self-actualization B) Are so invested in self-actualization that it becomes the most precious aspect of their lives C) Are exclusively focused on basic needs D) Disregard personal growth

B) Are so invested in self-actualization that it becomes the most precious aspect of their lives

these people are more consciously motivated by universal values or goals outside themselves A) Individualistic self-actualizers B) Egocentric self-actualizers C) Transcendent self-actualizers D) Conventional self-actualizers

C) Transcendent self-actualizers

Maslow used the term "peak experience" to refer A) To a common everyday experience B) To a state of boredom C) To a temporary setback D) To a moment of intense self-actualization

D) To a moment of intense self-actualization

according to Maslow, _____ occur when a person is deeply engaged in a demanding activity and fully caught up in the moment A) Tranquil moments B) Peak experience C) Routine occurrences D) Mundane activities

B) Peak experience

during this state, the person has a sense of being connected with the elements of his or her surroundings A) Tranquil moments B) Peak experience C) Routine occurrences D) Mundane activities

B) Peak experience

when do peak experiences usually occur A) During periods of inactivity B) When people are active C) During routine tasks D) In moments of boredom

B) when people are active

what another term used to describe the experiences that occur during a Peak Experience A) pinnacle moment B) flow C) habit D) routine

B) flow

what is the key principle of existential psychology A) Life has predetermined meaning. B) People are responsible for avoiding meaning in their lives. C) Meaning in life is solely determined by external factors. D) Life lacks any inherent meaning.

B) people are responsible for investing their lives with meaning.

A concept that’s central to the existentialist view is dasein, which translates to A) "being-in-the-world." B) "non-existence." C) "object-in-the-universe." D) "escaping-from-reality."

A) "being-in-the-world."

The term dasein is used to imply what A) The insignificance of individual experiences. B) The isolation of a person from their experiences. C) The fixation of a person's identity from birth. D) The totality of a person’s experience of the self as an autonomous, separate, and evolving entity

D) totality of a person’s experience of the self as an autonomous, separate, and evolving entity

according to the existential view A) Life unfolds in a predetermined sequence without individual agency. B) There exist only being and not-being, and we constantly face the polarity between them. C) The external world determines the essence of our existence. D) Life is a fixed state without room for personal exploration and choice.

B) There exist only being and not-being, and we constantly face the polarity between them.

according to the existential view, which of the following would NOT be considered choosing nothingness A) Not to commit to goals and responsibilities B) Actively pursuing authenticity in one's actions. C) Not acting authentically D) Suicide

B) Actively pursuing authenticity in one's actions.

according to existentialists, whats involved in choosing to "be" A) Surrendering to external influences and fate. B) Embracing a predetermined and unchanging identity. C) Accepting a life without personal agency. D) Taking responsibility for one's existence and actions.

D) Taking responsibility for one's existence and actions.

According to existentialists, what is the perspective on life and meaning? a) Life has inherent meaning b) Meaning is predetermined by external factors c) Life has no meaning unless you create it d) Meaning is solely determined by fate

c) Life has no meaning unless you create it

How do existentialists suggest individuals assign meaning to their existence? a) By conforming to societal norms b) Through external validation c) By acting authentically and being oneself d) By adhering to predetermined values

c) By acting authentically and being oneself

what is an important step in assigning meaning to one's life? a) Conforming to societal expectations b) Rejecting personal authenticity c) Recognizing the existential dilemma d) Seeking external validation

c) Recognizing the existential dilemma

How does May describe the process of grasping what it means to exist? a) By avoiding self-reflection b) By recognizing the inevitability of existence c) By embracing the fact that existence is predetermined d) By acknowledging the possibility of non-existence

d) By acknowledging the possibility of non-existence

According to May, what is a crucial aspect of understanding existence? a) Ignoring the existential dilemma b) Grasping the certainty of existence c) Recognizing the potential lack of existence d) Assigning meaning through external validation

c) Recognizing the potential lack of existence

A sense of guilt over failing to fulfill all of your possibilities. A) Indifference towards personal potential. B) Celebrating unfulfilled possibilities. C) Existential guilt D) Existential satisfaction.

C) Existential guilt

existential guilt over failing to completely fulfill your possibilities is strongest when A) When possibilities are inherently limited. B) When a person who’s free to choose fails to do so C) When fulfillment is predetermined. D) When choices are made spontaneously without consideration.

B) when a person who’s free to choose fails to do so

according to the existential view, when do people experience a sense of emptiness and meaninglessness A) When they adhere strictly to a predefined set of rules. B) When they conform to societal expectations. C) When they experience stability and routine. D) When they lose their commitment to a set of values

D) When they lose their commitment to a set of values

when people experience a sense of emptiness and meaninglessness, why is it that turning to another person doesn't provide the answers we are looking for A) Because external validation doesn't always occur in the way that we want in order to finding meaning. B) Because one needs to be responsible for their own actions and truth only comes from within your actions C) Because personal responsibility has no impact on existential emptiness. D) Because relying on external sources is the surest way to discover meaning.

B) Because one needs to be responsible for their own actions and truth only comes from within your actions

Some of the ideas of existential psychology are reflected in A) Deterministic psychological theories. B) Terror management theory C) Existential avoidance theory. D) The theory of cognitive dissonance.

B) terror management theory

theory that begins with the idea that an awareness of one’s eventual death creates existential angst, or terror A) Deterministic psychological theories. B) Terror management theory C) Existential avoidance theory. D) The theory of cognitive dissonance.

B) Terror management theory

theory suggesting that people often don’t define the meaning of life on their own. Rather, they use a process of social and cultural consensus A) Deterministic psychological theories. B) Terror management theory C) Existential avoidance theory. D) The theory of cognitive dissonance.

B) Terror management theory

according to terror management theory, what plays an important role in how people affirm the value of their lives A) internal motivation B) group identity C) cultural beliefs D) social connection

B) group identity

Reminders of mortality lead people to be more protective of A) personal beliefs B) cultural values C) relationships D) mortality

B) cultural values

research on terror management theory suggests that people are more favourable towards A) Those who constantly challenge their worldview. B) Those who uphold their worldview C) Those who are indifferent to any worldview. D) Those who remain passive in cultural discussions.

B) Those who uphold their worldview

according to terror management theory, moral salience A) Makes people adhere more to cultural norms themselves and act altruistically B) Has no impact on people's adherence to cultural norms or altruistic behavior. C) Leads to a rejection of cultural norms and increased selfishness. D) Results in a decrease in altruistic actions and cultural conformity.

A) Makes people adhere more to cultural norms themselves and act altruistically

what does mortality salience mean A) Ignorance of the concept of death. B) Awareness that one's death is inevitable C) Denial of the inevitability of death. D) The avoidance of contemplating one's mortality.

B) awareness that one's death is inevitable

according to one study, participants whose mortality had been brought to mind in terms of identity seeking were a) Lower on identity seeking b) No change in identity seeking c) Higher on identity seeking d) Cultural worldview affirmation

c) Higher on identity seeking

According to Terror Management Theory, what is suggested as the reason people view themselves as separate from other animals? a) Evolutionary instinct b) Fear of animals c) Mortality salience d) Cultural beliefs

c) Mortality salience

What impact does mortality salience have on people's views regarding human distinctiveness from other animals? a) It has no impact b) It weakens the belief in human distinctiveness c) It strengthens the belief in human distinctiveness d) It enhances fear of animals

c) It strengthens the belief in human distinctiveness

According to Terror Management Theory, why might people be nervous about sex? a) Fear of romantic involvement b) Fear of cultural standards c) It reminds them of their animal nature d) Aesthetic discomfort

c) It reminds them of their animal nature

How do people sidestep the reminder of their animal nature during sex, according to terror management theory a) Ignoring cultural standards b) Emphasizing romantic involvement c) Creating aesthetic discomfort d) Transforming the animal into the spiritual

d) Transforming the animal into the spiritual

How do people transform the animal into the spiritual during sex, according to terror management theory a) By emphasizing cultural standards b) By establishing a sense of one’s value c) By ascribing aesthetic value d) By ignoring the implications of sexuality

c) By ascribing aesthetic value

How do people struggle against existential terror a) By avoiding self-esteem issues b) By confronting existential angst directly c) By propping up self-esteem d) By ignoring their sense of value

c) By propping up self-esteem

According to Terror Management Theory, what role does propping up self-esteem play in dealing with existential angst? a) It intensifies existential terror b) It has no impact on existential angst c) It establishes a sense of one's value d) It increases existential angst

c) It establishes a sense of one's value

what does confronting mortality motivate people to do? a) Embrace solitude b) Avoid forming close relationships c) Form close relationships d) Ignore cultural values

c) Form close relationships

How does the push toward affiliation compare to the affirmation of cultural values according to existential terror a) It is less important b) It is equally important c) It is more important d) It has no impact on motivation

c) It is more important

In the context of confronting mortality, what is suggested as being even more important than the affirmation of cultural values? a) Embracing solitude b) Forming close relationships c) Avoiding cultural values d) Ignoring mortality concerns

b) Forming close relationships

SELF ACTUALISATION & SELF DETERMINATION Flashcards

(176 cards)