NEEDS AND MOTIVES PERSPECTIVE Flashcards
- define needs and motives and the distinction between the two - describe the needs interpretation of Henry Murray - describe motive states and motive dispositions - define press - explain Murray's measure—the TAT - explain McClelland's ideas about motives - describe what the needs for achievement, affiliation, intimacy and power are. (107 cards)
1
Q
a fundamental principle of the motives approach is that behavior is best understood as a reflection of the strength of the person’s
A) press
B) needs
C) desires
D) wants
A
B) needs
2
Q
an internal state that’s less than satisfactory, a lack of something necessary for well-being
A) press
B) needs
C) desires
D) wants
A
B) needs
3
Q
Murray began the need approach to personality and defined a need as
A) an internal state that’s less than satisfactory, a lack of something necessary for well-being
B) Cognitive–affective clusters organized around readiness for a particular kind of experience
C) an internal directional force that determines how people seek out or respond to objects or situations in the environment
D) none of the above
A
C) an internal directional force that determines how people seek out or respond to objects or situations in the environment
4
Q
what kinds of needs need to be satisfied repeatedly?
A) achievement needs
B) psychological needs
C) biological needs
D power needs
A
C) biological needs
5
Q
what influences a needs intensity of the behavior pertaining to it?
A) cognition
B) motive
C) direction
D) strength
A
D) strength
6
Q
which of the following is not a term reflected in the strength of a need?
A) priority
B) vigor
C) thoroughness
D) goals
A
D) goals
7
Q
which of the following does not relate to directive nature of needs
A) goals
B) events
C) movement
D) priority
A
D) priority
8
Q
who said motives are “clusters of cognitions with affective overtones, organized around preferred experiences and goals”
A) Murray
B) McClelland
C) Atkinson
D) Trope
A
B) McClelland
9
Q
Cognitive–affective clusters organized around readiness for a particular kind of experience
A) needs
B) motive
C) press
D) behaviour
A
B) motive
10
Q
what are the basic theoretical elements to the motive perspective?
A
- needs
- motive
- press
11
Q
what do needs work through, that bring us a step closer to behaviour?
A) behaviour
B) action
C) motive
D) press
A
C) motive
12
Q
the need for food occurs in the tissue of the body, what that need results in a motive state called
A) hunger
B) action
C) behavior
D) movement
A
A) hunger
12
Q
what distinguishes needs from motives?
A) the action we take
B) subjective experience
C) objective experience
D) external influences
A
B) subjective experience
13
Q
Murray used the term press to refer to
A) an external condition that prompts a desire to get (or avoid) something
B) a motivational state you experience
C) internal directional force that determines how people seek out or respond to objects or situations in the environment
D) clusters of cognitions with affective overtones, organized around preferred experiences and goals
A
A) an external condition that prompts a desire to get (or avoid) something
14
Q
a press applies purely to
A) achievement needs
B) psychological motives
C) biological motives
D power needs
A
B) psychological motives
15
Q
According to Murrays view, being around someone who’s engaged may increase your motive to be in a close relationship would be an example of
A) press
B) needs
C) desires
D) wants
A
A) press
16
Q
people writing about _____ and _____ in personality often use the two terms interchangeably
A) needs; motives
B) needs; desires
C) motives; desires
D) wants; desires
A
A) needs; motives
17
Q
motives vary across ____ and _____
A) people; classes
B) time; situations
C) disposition; classes
D) achievement; situations
A
B) time; situations
18
Q
posits that individuals exhibit stable differences in their achievement, affiliation, and power motives - shaping their capacity to perceive performance, social affiliative, or competitive contexts as rewarding
A) trait dispositions
B) motive disposition
C) achievement disposition
D) strong motive
A
B) motive disposition
19
Q
Murray believed
A) not all people have the same basic needs
B) that within cultures, people have the same needs, but not across cultures
C) all people have the same basic needs, but that everyone has a dispositional tendency toward some particular level of each need
D) none of these answers are correct
A
C) all people have the same basic needs, but that everyone has a dispositional tendency toward some particular level of each need
20
Q
Murray used the term ______ for the process of projecting ones fantasy imagery onto some objective stimulus
A) apperception
B) introjection
C) proprioception
D) reflection
A
A) apperception
21
Q
the process of apperception refer to
A) study of nonverbal behaviour
B) tendency to see different events as satisfying the same needs
C) perceiving stimuli in light of ones own experiences and motives
D) study of verbal behaviour
A
C) perceiving stimuli in light of ones own experiences and motives
22
Q
if you were taking the Thematic Apperception Test, you would be
A) writing about the early experiences with your mother
B) viewing a set of pictures and asked to create a story about each one
C) completing word association tasks
D) rating the extent to which a variety of words apply to you
A
B) viewing a set of pictures and asked to create a story about each one
23
Q
through the Thematic Apperception Test, the key assumption of apperception is
A) you will show a decrease in achievement imagery
B) the themes that emerge in your stories will reflect your implicit motives
C) the themes that emerge in your stories will reflect your explcit motives
D)
A
B) the themes that emerge in your stories will reflect your implicit motives
24
Early research using the TAT to assess achievement motivation revealed what about subjects exposed to success or to failure?
A) If people succeed at a task, they show a decrease in achievement imagery, but if they fail, they show an increase in achievement imagery
B) If people fail at a task, they show a decrease in achievement imagery, but if they succeed, they show an increase in achievement imagery
C) If people fail at a task, they show a decrease in achievement imagery, but if they succeed, they show an increase in achievement imagery
D) achievement imagery was elevated in both people who had experienced a failure or success at a task
D) achievement imagery was elevated in both people who had experienced a failure or success at a task
25
the finding that failure and success can lead to achievement motives led McCelland to conclude that
A) failure can occur despite the need for achievement
B) success can be interpreted to the task at hand
C) deprivation is not necessary to arouse a motive
D) deprivation is necessary to arouse a motive
C) deprivation is not necessary to arouse a motive
26
the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) procedure was developed into variations using using other pictures and in its various forms is now often referred to as
A) projective tests (PJT)
B) picture story exercise (PSE)
C) Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB)
D) Draw-A-Person Test
B) picture story exercise (PSE)
27
people low in the need for achievement prefer tasks that are
A) very easy
B) very hard
C) somewhere in the middle
D) both very easy and very hard
D) both very easy and very hard
28
people high in the need for achievement prefer tasks that are
A) very easy
B) very hard
C) somewhere in the middle
D) both very easy and very hard
C) somewhere in the middle
29
people high in the need for achievement prefer tasks of moderate difficulty because
A) such tasks make them look good to others
B) such tasks provide the greatest information about the persons ability
C) they fear at a task that is too easy
D) they know they will be unable to perform a difficult task
B) such tasks provide the greatest information about the persons ability
30
the extent to which a task provides information about something
A) difficulty
B) diagnosticity
C) apperception
D) distinguishable
B) diagnosticity
31
the need for achievement relates to
A) persistence in the face of failure
B) preference for diagnostic test items
C) economic rises and decline of cultures
D) all answers are correct
D) all answers are correct
32
a study by McClelland who focused on the role of economic growth and achievement across 23 cultures between 1925 to 1950 found a pattern suggesting that
A) achievement is expressed in varying ways among women, depending on the direction they take in their lives.
B) achievement motivation, reflected in imagery produced economic achievement
C) the shifts in achievement motive had economic consequences
D) people in high-level politics have the task of mobilizing others (which draws on a different need), and they often have little control over outcomes
B) achievement motivation, reflected in imagery produced economic achievement
33
what of the following is true regarding achievement needs
A) The pursuit of achievement needs depends on the way that people's needs fit their views of themselves and the world they live in.
B) Achievement needs are solely determined by genetic factors.
C) Achievement needs are static and do not change over time.
D) Achievement needs are entirely shaped by external influences and societal expectations.
A) the pursuit of achievement needs depends on the way that peoples needs fit their views of themselves and the world they live
34
Winter (1973) studied the need for power, which is
A) the motive to be expressed in socially accepted ways
B) the motive to have impact on others, to have prestige, to feel strong compared to others
C) motive to spend time with others and form friendly social ties
D) the desire to experience warm, close, and communicative exchanges with another person
B) the motive to have impact on others, to have prestige, to feel strong compared to others
35
picture story exercise (PSE) responses that have images of forceful, vigorous action, especially action that evokes strong emotional responses in others reflects
A) need for dominance
B) the need for power
C) the need for achievement
D) need for affiliation
B) the need for power
36
according to research on the desire for power, cortisol
A) decreases in people with high need for power after they experience a failure
B) increases in people with high need for power after they experience a failure
C) increases in people with a low need for failure when they experience a failure
D) does not have any affect on people with high or low need for power
B) increases in people with high need for power after they experience a failure
37
research by Schultheiss et al (2005) found that testosterone ________ in men who have a high need for power after success and ______ after a failure
A) decreases; increases
B) increases; decreases
C) stays the same; increases
D) stays the same; decreases
B) increases; decreases
38
Winter 1988 suggested that the power motive plays out in two ways depending on whether or not the person acquires a sense of
A) socialisation
B) domination
C) responsibility
D) prestige
C) responsibility
39
Winter and Barenbaum 1985 found that among men low in responsibility, the need for power was related to
A) socialisation and the need to interact
B) aggressive tendencies and drinking
C) desire to experience warm and close exchanges with another person
D) both A and B
B) aggressive tendencies and drinking
40
In PSE responses, the need for _______ is reflected in concern over acceptance by others and by active attempts to establish or maintain positive relations with others.
A) affiliation
B) intimacy
C) power
D) socialisation
A) affiliation
41
people high in the need for affiliation feel _____ if they think others are judging their interpersonal skills and are sensitive to _______ expressions from others
A) angry; nervous
B) nervous; angry
C) nervous; happy
D) validated; angry
B) nervous; angry
42
well-adjusted husbands and wives have affiliation needs that
A) are best off with partners with high affiliation needs
B) don’t relate to their relationship
C) are the same in high or low affiliation needs
D) are opposite from one another
C) are the same in high or low affiliation needs
43
what is a motive that has emerged as a research focus?
A) need for closeness
B) need for connection
C) need for intimacy
D) need for socialisation
C) need for intimacy
44
the difference between the need for affiliation and the need for intimacy is
A) closeness and open sharing
B) communicative exchanges
C) negotiation
D) relationship bonding
A) closeness and open sharing
45
McAdams proposes the need for intimacy because the need for affiliation
A) Did not focus enough on the positive, affirmative aspects of relationships
B) Is more of a "doing" orientation
C) Overemphasizes the individual's role in relationships
D) Neglects the importance of autonomy in relationships
A) did not focus enough on the positive, affirmative aspects of relationships
46
McAdams views the need for affiliation as an active, striving _____ orientations, where as the need for intimacy is more of a ______ orientation
A) social; relationship
B) doing; being
C) being; doing
D) liking; loving
B) doing; being
47
in terms of self disclosure, people with a high need for intimacy
A) disclose less and listen less to others' disclosing
B) report doing more listening and disclosing more
C) report doing less listening and disclosing more
D) less disclosing and listen more to others disclosing
B) report doing more listening and disclosing more
48
the difference between the need for intimacy and the need for power is based on
A) domination
B) socialisation
C) validity
D) adjustment
A) domination
49
the pattern of a low need for affiliation and a high need for power is called
A) isolated affiliation motivation
B) inhibited affiliation motivation
C) isolated power motivation
D) inhibited power motivation
D) inhibited power motivation
50
people with the inhibited power motivation tend to
A) have a happier marriage
B) move to higher levels of management
C) tend to start arguments with others
D) tend to have a less happy marriage
B) move to higher levels of management
51
people with the inhibited power pattern are effective at persuasion because it stems from
A) greater communicative skills and effective use of verbal cues
B) greater verbal fluency and from an effective use of nonverbal cues, such as gesturing
C) they have a need to dominate
D) none of the above
B) greater verbal fluency and from an effective use of nonverbal cues, such as gesturing
52
the pattern of inhibited power motivation is conducive to
A) an unhappy marriage
B) brokering peace
C) a happy marriage
D) starting wars
D) starting wars
53
one candidate that addresses a personalised weighting of how relevant an act is to a need is
A) satisfaction
B) incentive
C) prediction
D) behaviour
B) incentive
54
incentives
A) has little to do with how a motive is expressed
B) the degree to which a given action can satisfy a need for you
C) are poor at predicting choices within a domain of action
D) both A and B
B) the degree to which a given action can satisfy a need for you
55
the principle of incentives relates to
A) action
B) interactionism
C) behaviourism
D) situationism
B) interactionism
56
the principle of incentives relates to interactionism because
A) needs influence behavior at a conscious level
B) people choose for themselves which situations to enter and which to avoid
C) measures of motive strength are good at predicting choices within a domain of actio
D) measures of incentive values are good at predicting choices within a domain of action
B) people choose for themselves which situations to enter and which to avoid
57
incentive values
A) predicts that if your need for affiliation is more intense than your other needs, you’ll engage in an affiliative act
B) determine how a motive is expressed in actions
C) has little to do with how a motive is expressed
D) are poor at predicting choices within a domain of action
B) determine how a motive is expressed in actions
58
incentive values is an answer to why
A) people have identical preferences in all situations
B) situations have no impact on human behavior
C) different people choose different situations
D) there is a universal preference for specific environments
C) different people choose different situations
59
incentive values relates to ______, whereas need strength relates to _____
A) long-term frequencies of need-relevant actions of any type; choices within a domain of action
B) choices within a domain of action; long-term frequencies of need-relevant actions of any type
C) biological processes; psychological processes
D) psychological processes; biological processes
B) choices within a domain of action; long-term frequencies of need-relevant actions of any type
60
According to McClelland view, needs influence behaviour at a ________, where as incentive values influence ______ process of choice
A) nonconscious; conscious
B) conscious; nonconscious
C) conscious; subconscious
D) subconscious; conscious
A) nonconscious; conscious
61
McClelland used the term _______ to refer to what the PSE measures and the term ______ to refer to whats measured by self reports
A) cultural norms; motives
B) implicit motive; self-attributed motive
C) self attributed motive; implicit motive
D) motives; needs
B) implicit motive; self-attributed motive
62
implicit motives refer to _______, whereas self attributed motives are closer to _____
A) active motives; latent motives
B) latent motives; active motives
C) motives; incentives
D) incentives; motives
C) motives; incentives
63
McClelland held that implicit motives are
A) recurrent preferences for classes of affective behaviour
B) primitive and automatic
C) specific actions
D) better at predicting responses in structured settings
A) recurrent preferences for classes of affective behaviour
64
implicit motives are
A) ones that influence decision making
B) primitive and automatic
C) specific actions
D) better at predicting responses in structured settings
B) primitive and automatic
65
McClelland believed that ______ are better at predicting broad behaviour patterns over time, whereas _____ are better at predicting behaviour in specific situations
A) self attributed motives; implicit motives
B) implicit motives; self attributed motives
C) latent motives; active motives
D) active motives; latent motives
B) implicit motives; self attributed motives
66
what of the following is NOT true relating to self-attributed motives
A) they are good predictors of broad behavioral tendencies over time
B) they relate to specific action goals
C) how a person will act in a particular situation
D) acts mostly as an influence on decision making, influencing how people seek information about their skills compared to other people
A) they are good predictors of broad behavioral tendencies over time
67
what of the following is NOT true regarding implicit motives
A) they are the recurrent preferences for classes of affective experiences
B) they are primitive and automatic
C) they’re better at predicting responses in structured settings
D they are good predictors of broad behavioral tendencies over time
C) they’re better at predicting responses in structured settings
68
by choosing to continue a task or not, a person would be displaying
A) implicit power motive
B) self attributed achievement motive
C) implicit achievement motive
D) self attributed power motive
B) self attributed achievement motive
69
the feeling of "being strong" would be an example of
A) self attributed achievement motive
B) self attributed power motive
C) implicit power motive
D) implicit achievement motive
D) implicit achievement motive
70
research where participants completed PSE and self report measures and records of memorable experiences over 60 days shows that strength of _________ predicted the frequency of reporting feelings that relate to that motive, however the strength of __________ did not predict the frequency of reported feelings
A) self attributed motives ; implicit motives (PSE)
B) implicit motives (PSE) ; self attributed motives
C) motive related events; non motive related events
D) non motive related events; motive related events
B) implicit motives (PSE) ; self attributed motives
71
the two aspects of motivation; self attributed motives and implicit motives, link to different aspects of
A) behaviour
B) perception
C) memory
D) knowledge
C) memory
72
self attributed motives predict recall of ______ memories related to the self concept, whereas implicit motives predict recall of _______
A) specific events; general
B) general; specific events
C) autobiographical; procedural
D) episodic; semantic
B) general; specific events
73
McClelland believed
a. implicit and self-attributed motives are both important and should be viewed together.
b. implicit and self-attributed motives are both important and should be viewed separately.
c. implicit motives are important, whereas self-attributed motives are not.
d. self-attributed motives are important, whereas implicit motives are not
b. implicit and self-attributed motives are both important and should be viewed separately.
74
approach processes in the context of achievement motivation
A) people motivated to achieve avoid approaching success
B) people that are motivated to achieve are wary of approaching success
C) shows that people motivated to achieve try to approach success
D) none of the above
C) shows that people motivated to achieve try to approach success
75
what of the following are NOT true about avoidance processes in the context of motive
A) plays a role in whether we approach success of avoid failure
B) relates to a tendency to feel shame after failure
C) people can avoid failure by the very act of succeeding
D) all are true
D) all are true
76
Atkinson tied the need for achievement to the capacity to
A) feel failure after success
B) feel a need to achieve
C) feel shame
D) feel pride in success
D) feel pride in success
77
what of the following are NOT true relating to ways people can avoid failure
A) avoids achievement situations
B) the act of succeeding
C) never try
D) all are true
D) all are true
78
Atkinson's theory of achievement behaviour makes its clearest predictions for people whose
A) only motivation is to approach success when they know they will be successful
B) only motivation is to approach success and people whose only motivation is to avoid failure
C) difference in the motive to approach success are reflected in ones motive to have power
D achievement can reflect avoidance and approach motivation and which motive is central will influence many aspects of the persons experience
B) only motivation is to approach success and people whose only motivation is to avoid failure
79
part of the theory by Elliot et al is that
A) people whose only motivation is to approach success when they know they will be successful predicts their approach and avoidance processes
B) people whose only motivation is to approach success and people whose only motivation is to avoid failure predicts their approach and avoidance processes
C) difference in the motive to approach success are reflected in ones motive to have power
D achievement can reflect avoidance and approach motivation and which motive is central will influence many aspects of the persons experience
D achievement can reflect avoidance and approach motivation and which motive is central will influence many aspects of the persons experience
80
a study by Frank and Branstatter 2002 who studies commitment between romantic partners found that
A) commitment based in approach does not predict relationship satisfaction
B) commitment based on avoidance only predicts higher relationship satisfaction
C) commitment based in approach predicts more relationship satisfaction and commitment based in avoid predicts lower relationship satisfaction
D) relationship satisfaction did not differ between commitment based approach or avoidance motives
C) commitment based in approach predicts more relationship satisfaction and commitment based in avoid predicts lower relationship satisfaction
81
Winter et al. 1998 proposed that motives are ________ and that traits ______
A) expression of traits; arefundamental desires
B) fundamental desires; channel how those desires are expressed
C) patterns of incentive preferences; are fundamental desires
D) patterns of incentive preferences; channel how those preferences are expressed
B) fundamental desires; channel how those desires are expressed
82
Winter et al. studies women's lives across many decades and found
A) introverted women with high intimacy needs have a greater likelihood of marital problems
B) women with low intimacy needs do fine in relationships
C) extraverted women with high intimacy needs have problems in relationships due to they are comfortable with social interaction
D) extraverted women with low intimacy needs have a greater likelihood of marital problems
A) women who are introverted with high intimacy needs interferes with their relationships
83
Murray believed that the way to understand personality is to study
A)
B) how people respond to particular events, in the laboratory or in the field
C) dispositional motives
D) the whole person over an extended period
D) the whole person over an extended period
84
Murray disliked _____methods
A) narrative
B) personology
C) nomothetic
D) idiographic
C) nomothetic
85
to Murray, the nomothetic approach
A) yields pattern of qualities that made each person unique
B) yields only a superficial understanding
C) does not delve into the history of personality
D) is the superior approach
B) yields only a superficial understanding
86
Murrays concerns with nomothetic approach led to an approach he preferred called
A) personology
B) Pharmacotherapy
C) Phenomenological
D) Sociobiology
A) personology
87
Murrays approach to the study of individual lives and the factors that influence their course
A) personology
B) Pharmacotherapy
C) Phenomenological
D) Sociobiology
A) personology
88
from McAdams view, a persons identity
A) keeps a coherent extended self-narrative across time
B) focusing on positive qualities and only examining negative qualities when necessary.
C) ignoring negative qualities completely
D) being surrounded by others who support the sense of identity
A) keeps a coherent extended self-narrative across time
89
the assessment technique most associated with motive dispositions is
A) interview
B) self reports
C) PSE
D) both A and B
C) PSE
90
through apperception, the themes manifested in the stories from the PSE reflect the story tellers
A) knowledge
B) implicit motives
C) dispositional motives
D) explicit motives
B) implicit motives
91
over the course of several pictures presented by the PSE procedure, dispositional tendencies emerge in people narratives, which reflect
A) the motives underlying the persons personality
B) ambiguity in themes
C) the reasoning behind motives
D) reaction times for various associations
A) the motives underlying the persons personality
92
which of the following is NOT a criticism of the PSE procedure
A) low internal consistency and low test-retest reliability
B) being told to tell several stories in the same session creates implicit pressure to avoid repetition
B) takes a lot of time and effort to give and score
D) all are criticisms
D) all are criticisms
93
if we were to use the Implicit Association Test (IAT) as a tool of implicit assessment, we would be using it for the reasoning that
A) a good deal of peoples knowledge is projection
B) a good deal of people's knowledge is associative
C) because knowledge is explicit, people would be able to give accurate answers
D) Both B and C
B) a good deal of people's knowledge is associative
94
research comparing the TAT and the IAT found that
A) a good deal of people's knowledge is associative
B) the TAT was a superior measure of implicit knowledge
C) the two measures were correlated and had similar patterns with other scales
D) the IAT was a superior measure compared to the TAT
C) the two measures were correlated and had similar patterns with other scales
95
a measure of semantic properties in memory that are believed to be hard to detect by introspection
A) Implicit Association Test (IAT)
B) Picture Story Exercise (PSE)
C) thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
D) the marshmallow test
A) Implicit Association Test (IAT)
96
it has been suggested that the need for power can play a role in developing
A) an overstimulating environment
B) physical abuse
C) a drinking problem
D) verbal abuse
C) a drinking problem
97
which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of the motive approach?
A) decisions about what qualities to study have been arbitrary
B) the approach fails to specify types of intrapersonal functioning
C) Murrays list of motives was developed intuitively and was incomplete
D) most of the research within this approach has failed to look at multiple motives simultaneously
B) the approach fails to specify types of intrapersonal functioning
98
what influences how the power motive plays out
A) Genetic predispositions
B) Cultural factors
C) Socioeconomic status
D) responsibility during socialisation
D) responsibility during socialisation
99
For those with a strong sense of responsibility, the power motive yields what
A) problematic ways of influencing others
B) diligent pursuit of prestige
C) A passive approach to leadership
D) Avoidance of social interactions
B) diligent pursuit of prestige
100
For those without a strong sense of responsibility, the power motive yields what
A) problematic ways of influencing others
B) diligent pursuit of prestige
C) A passive approach to leadership
D) Avoidance of social interactions
A) problematic ways of influencing others
101
if someone was to use aggressiveness, sexual exploitation and alcohol and drug use to influence others, this would mean what
A) their power motive is influenced not having a strong sense of responsibility
B) They have a healthy and adaptive power motive
C) their power motive is influenced by a strong sense of responsibility
D) Their power motive is unrelated to their sense of responsibility
A) their power motive is influenced not having a strong sense of responsibility
102
how does a sense of responsibility during socialization suggest about the power motive
A) It diminishes the power motive
B) It enhances the power motive
C) It has no impact on the power motive
D) It can be tamed by proper socialisation to a point
D) It can be tamed by proper socialisation to a point
103
Winter (2007) found that in crisis that developed into war, that the crisis led to more displays of the power motive and
A) lower displays of responsibility
B) higher displays of responsibility
C) indecisiveness
D) no displays of responsibility
B) higher displays of responsibility
104
The reason for interest in this pattern depends on the context in which it’s examined
A) inhibited power motive
B) Enhanced power motive
C) External power motive
D) expressive power motive
A) inhibited power motive
105
inhibiting the use of power means that the person is
A) low in self control
B) high in self control
C) high in restraint
D) low in restraint
B) high in self control
106
Atkinson’s (1957) theory of achievement behavior has less clear predictions for
A) people whose only motivation is to approach success and people whose only motivation is to avoid failure
B) people high in both approach and avoidance motives and people low in both approach and avoidance motives
C) individuals with a strong intrinsic motivation for success
D) those who are exclusively motivated by external rewards and punishments
B) people high in both approach and avoidance motives and people low in both approach and avoidance motives
