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Personality Psychology > ~~ Needs and Motives Perspective QUIZ > Flashcards

~~ Needs and Motives Perspective QUIZ Flashcards

1
Q

The projecting of a motive onto an ambiguous external stimulus via imagery.

A) Diagnosticity

B) Apperception

C) Introception

D) Forwarding

A

B) Apperception

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2
Q

The extent to which a task provides information about something.

A) Informative

B) Reliability

C) Diagnosticity

D) Validity

A

C) Diagnosticity

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3
Q

A motive assessed indirectly because it is relatively inaccessible to consciousness.

A) incentive

B) implicit motive

C) explicit motive

D) disposition

A

B) implicit motive

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4
Q

the degree to which an action can satisfy a particular need for a person

A) incentive

B) implicit motive

C) explicit motive

D) disposition

A

A) incentive

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5
Q

The condition of having more need for power than for affiliation, but restraining its use

A) exhibited power motive

B) inhibited power motivation

C) explicit motive

D) inhibited affiliation motive

A

B) inhibited power motivation

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6
Q

Cognitive–affective clusters organized around readiness for a particular kind of experience.

A) motive

B) need

C) press

D) schema

A

A) motive

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7
Q

Dispositional tendency toward high or low level of some motive

A) press

B) motive disposition

C) need

D) schema

A

B) motive disposition

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8
Q

An unsatisfactory internal condition that motivates behavior.

A) press

B) motive disposition

C) need

D) schema

A

C) need

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9
Q

Study of the entire person.

A

personology

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10
Q

According to the motive approach to personality, human behavior is best understood as

a. a manifestation of unconscious wishes.
b. a series of reinforced responses.
c. a reflection of the strength of a person’s needs.
d. the myriad roles a person plays.

A

c. a reflection of the strength of a person’s needs.

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11
Q

Needs influence which two aspects of behavior?
a. Direction and intensity
b. Direction and duration
c. Force and specificity
d. Force and duration

A

a. Direction and intensity

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11
Q

The distinction between needs and motives involves

a. motives that are more closely related to behavior.

b. whether the construct is quantifiable.

c. whether the desired object is tangible or intangible.

d. motives that are unrelated to behavior.

A

d. motives that are unrelated to behavior.

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12
Q

An external stimulus condition that elicits a desire to obtain or avoid something is a

a. construct.

b. press.

c. bind.

d. prompt.

A

b. press.

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13
Q

According to Murray, hunger would be a _________, whereas the smell of a fresh pizza would be a

a. motive; need.

b. need; motive.

c. press; need.

d. motive; press.

A

d. motive; press.

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14
Q

Which of the following are true about motives?

a. They influence behavior.

b. They vary across time and situation.

c. They vary by disposition.

d. all of these answers are correct

A

d. all of these answers are correct

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15
Q

Murray believed

a. not all people have the same basic needs.

b. that within cultures, people have the same basic needs, but not across cultures.

c. all people have the same basic needs, but different levels of them.

d. none of these answers are correct

A

c. all people have the same basic needs, but different levels of them.

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16
Q

Murray used the term _________ for the process of projecting one’s fantasy imagery onto some objective stimulus.

a. apperception

b. introjection

c. proprioception

d. reflection

A

a. apperception

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17
Q

Apperception refers to the

a. study of nonverbal behavior.

b. process of projecting imagery onto an outside stimulus.

c. tendency to see different events as satisfying the same needs.

d. study of verbal behavior.

A

b. process of projecting imagery onto an outside stimulus.

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18
Q

f you were taking the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), you would be

a. writing about your early experiences with your mother.

b. rating the extent to which a variety of words apply to you.

c. writing stories about pictures you are shown.

d. completing word-association tasks.

A

c. writing stories about pictures you are shown.

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19
Q

Early research using the TAT to assess achievement motivation revealed what about subjects exposed to success or failure feedback?

a. If people succeed at a task, they show a decrease in achievement imagery, but if they fail, they show an increase in achievement imagery.

b. If people fail at a task, they show a decrease in achievement imagery, but if they succeed, they show an increase in achievement imagery.

c. Whether people fail or succeed at a task, they show a decrease in achievement motivation.

d. Whether people fail or succeed at a task, they show an increase in achievement motivation.

A

d. Whether people fail or succeed at a task, they show an increase in achievement motivation.

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20
Q

In laboratory settings, people lower in need for achievement prefer tasks that are

a. very easy.

b. very hard.

c. somewhere in the middle.

d. either very easy or very hard.

A

d. either very easy or very hard.

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21
Q

People higher in need for achievement prefer tasks that are

a. very easy.

b. very hard.

c. somewhere in the middle.

d. either very easy or very hard.

A

c. somewhere in the middle.

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22
Q

People high in need for achievement prefer tasks of intermediate difficulty because

a. such tasks make them look good to others.

b. such tasks provide the greatest information about the person’s ability.

c. they fear failing at a task that is too easy.

d. they know they will be unable to perform a difficult task.

A

b. such tasks provide the greatest information about the person’s ability.

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23
Q

A task that provides an accurate assessment of ability is considered

a. low in difficulty.

b. distinguishable.

c. high in diagnosticity.

d. high in apperception.

A

c. high in diagnosticity.

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24
Q

Need for achievement plays a role in:

a. persistence in the face of failure.

b. preference for diagnostic test items.

c. economic rise and decline of cultures.

d. all of these answers are correct

A

d. all of these answers are correct

25
Q

Among family-oriented women, high achievement needs are associated with

a. early career success.

b. energy invested in activities leading to marriage and family.

c. roughly equal energy invested into career and family activities.

d. none of these answers are correct

A

b. energy invested in activities leading to marriage and family.

26
Q

Women who scored high in need for achievement in college were

a. more likely to become businesswomen.

b. more likely to become teachers.

c. more likely to challenge the female stereotype.

d. less likely to be restricted by their social environment.

A

b. more likely to become teachers.

27
Q

The motive to have impact on other people is known as

a. dominance motive.

b. status motive.

c. aggression motive.

d. need for power.

A

d. need for power.

28
Q

The motive reflected in PSE responses involving strong, vigorous action or concern about reputation or position is the need for

a. aggression.

b. control.

c. power.

d. recognition.

A

c. power.

29
Q

People high in the need for power tend to

a. form friendships with people who are equivalent in need for power.

b. be more sexually active.

c. choose spouses with similar career paths.

d. all of these answers are correct

A

b. be more sexually active.

30
Q

High need for power is associated with a

a. lesser tendency to make concessions in negotiation, leading to better outcomes.

b. lesser tendency to make concessions in negotiation, leading to worse outcomes.

c. greater tendency to make concessions in negotiation, leading to better outcomes.

d. greater tendency to make concessions in negotiation, leading to worse outcomes.

A

a. lesser tendency to make concessions in negotiation, leading to better outcomes.

31
Q

Women high in the need for power tend to have

a. more job-related satisfactions and fewer job-related dissatisfactions.

b. fewer job-related satisfactions and more job-related dissatisfactions.

c. fewer job-related satisfactions and fewer job-related dissatisfactions.

d. more job-related satisfactions and more job-related dissatisfactions.

A

d. more job-related satisfactions and more job-related dissatisfactions.

32
Q

. Among men who scored low in responsibility, need for power was

a. related to less drinking and fighting.

b. related to less sexual possessiveness.

c. related to more sexual possessiveness.

d. unrelated to drinking, fighting, or sexual possessiveness.

A

c. related to more sexual possessiveness.

33
Q

In a sample of low-responsible men, need for power was related to
a. drinking.
b. passivity.
c. physical health.
d. all of these answers are correct

A

a. drinking.

34
Q

People high in need for affiliation tend to feel _________ when they think others are judging their interpersonal skills.

a. validated
b. angry
c. nervous
d. reassured

A

c. nervous

35
Q

After participating in five-week discussion groups, people high in the need for affiliation were

a. more likely to remain quiet in the group.

b. less likely to attend group sessions.

c. more likely to be nominated as group leaders by their peers.

d. less likely to be nominated as group leaders by their peers.

A

c. more likely to be nominated as group leaders by their peers.

36
Q

People who score low in the affiliation motive

a. make more telephone calls.

b. are less likely to be letter writing when interrupted randomly by a paging device.

c. are nervous when they believe others are judging their attractiveness.

d. are more likely to want to be interacting with others when they are alone.

A

b. are less likely to be letter writing when interrupted randomly by a paging device.

37
Q

Well-adjusted husbands and wives were found to have levels of need for affiliation that

a. significantly correlated with each other.

b. were unrelated to each other.

c. were inversely related to each other.

d. fluctuated significantly over time.

A

a. significantly correlated with each other.

38
Q

McAdams and Constantian report a correlation between need for affiliation and need for intimacy of
a. almost 0.0.
b. about 0.3.
c. about 0.6.
d. almost 1.0.

A

c. about 0.6.

39
Q

People high in the need for intimacy
a. have more one-on-one exchanges with others.
b. have more large-group interactions.
c. report lower levels of self-disclosure.
d. try to dominate social interactions.

A

a. have more one-on-one exchanges with others.

40
Q

In terms of self-disclosure, people high in the need for intimacy report disclosing

a. less and listening less to others’ disclosures.

b. more and listening less to other’s disclosures.

c. less and listening more to others’ disclosures.

d. more and listening more to others’ disclosures.

A

d. more and listening more to others’ disclosures.

41
Q

People high in both the need for _________ and _________ are often poorly adjusted.

a. power; intimacy

b. achievement; intimacy

c. power; achievement

d. intimacy; affiliation

A

a. power; intimacy

42
Q

In a 16-year study, successful managers were found to be

a. low in need for power.

b. high in inhibited power motivation.

c. high in need for affiliation.

d. none of these answers are correct

A

b. high in inhibited power motivation.

43
Q

The pattern of high power motivation and low affiliation motivation is conducive to

a. a happy marriage.

b. an unhappy marriage.

c. starting wars.

d. brokering peace.

A

c. starting wars.

44
Q

Incentive value

a. is the degree to which a given action is able to satisfy a need.

b. has little to do with how a motive is expressed.

c. is poor at predicting choices within a domain of action.

d. none of these answers are correct

A

a. is the degree to which a given action is able to satisfy a need.

45
Q

Need strength relates to _________ whereas incentive value relates to

a. choices of relevant actions; frequency of relevant actions.

b. frequency of relevant actions; choices of relevant actions.

c. biological processes; psychological processes.

d. psychological processes; biological processes.

A

b. frequency of relevant actions; choices of relevant actions.

46
Q

McClelland has suggested that self-reports measure _________. In contrast he has suggested that the TAT measures

a. self-attributed motive; implicit motive

b. cultural norms; motives

c. implicit motive; self-attributed

d. motives; needs

A

a. self-attributed motive; implicit motive

47
Q

According to McClelland,

a. needs influence behavior at a conscious level.

b. incentive values exert their influence at a nonconscious level.

c. measures of incentive values are good at predicting choices within a domain of action.

d. measures of motive strength are good at predicting choices within a domain of action.

A

c. measures of incentive values are good at predicting choices within a domain of action.

48
Q

McClelland has argued that the TAT and self-report measures tap two different kinds of motives:

a. implicit and self-attributed.

b. primary and secondary.

c. hunger and sexual.

d. appetitive and nonappetitive.

A

a. implicit and self-attributed.

49
Q

McClelland believed that _________ are better at predicting broad behavior patterns over time, whereas _________ are better at predicting behavior in specific situations.

a. self-attributed motives; implicit motives

b. implicit motives; self-attributed motives

c. latent motives; active motives

d. active motives; latent motives

A

b. implicit motives; self-attributed motives

50
Q

McClelland believed

a. implicit and self-attributed motives are both important and should be viewed together.

b. implicit and self-attributed motives are both important and should be viewed separately.

c. implicit motives are important, whereas self-attributed motives are not.

d. self-attributed motives are important, whereas implicit motives are not.

A

b. implicit and self-attributed motives are both important and should be viewed separately.

51
Q

People with high fear of failure feel _________ when they imagine success.

a. happy

b. confident

c. upset

d. none of these answers are correct

A

c. upset

52
Q

The idea of separate approach and avoidance motives applies to

a. all motives.

b. achievement and power, but not affiliation.

c. achievement and power, but not intimacy.

d. achievement and power, but not status.

A

a. all motives.

53
Q

n terms of studying motives, Murray

a. preferred a nomothetic approach.

b. preferred an idiographic approach.

c. was unconcerned with individual subjects’ personal lives.

d. conducted research almost singlehandedly.

A

b. preferred an idiographic approach.

54
Q

According to McAdams, a person’s identity lies in

a. keeping a coherent self-narrative across time.

b. focusing on positive qualities and only examining negative qualities when necessary.

c. ignoring negative qualities completely.

d. being surrounded by others who support the sense of identity

A

a. keeping a coherent self-narrative across time.

55
Q

The technique most distinctly associated with assessment of needs is

a. self-report.

b. interview.

c. the PSE.

d. none of these answers are correct

A

c. the PSE.

56
Q

The need for power appears to be involved in the development of

a. diabetes.

b. alcohol abuse.

c. cancer.

d. depression.

A

b. alcohol abuse.

57
Q

Which of the following statements concerning McClelland’s program for achievement motivation is incorrect?

a. The program’s basic purpose is to have people think constantly in need for achievement terms.

b. Achievement-related cognition is enough to ensure that need for achievement will be manifest in behavior.

c. The client must see achievement orientation as being congruent with her/his self-image.

d. The program links achievement thoughts to concrete action patterns.

A

d. The program links achievement thoughts to concrete action patterns

58
Q

Motivational theorists place more emphasis on _________ than trait theorists do.

a. intrapersonal functioning
b. individual differences
c. human uniqueness
d. none of these answers are correct

A

a. intrapersonal functioning

59
Q

Which of the following is NOT a valid criticism of the motive approach?

a. Decisions about what qualities to study have been arbitrary.

b. The approach fails to specify types of intrapersonal functioning.

c. Murray’s list of motives was not complete.

d. Most research within this approach has failed to look at multiple motives simultaneously.

A

b. The approach fails to specify types of intrapersonal functioning.

Personality Psychology (34 decks)

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