BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES Flashcards
1
Q
who contributed to the first attempt to link personality and biological functions?
A) Cost and McCrae
B) Eysenck
C) Zuckerman
D) Tellegen
A
B) Eysenck
2
Q
what was Eysenck’s view of personality?
A) Personality is solely determined by environmental factors
B) He saw personality as rooted in the body in terms of two supertraits
C) Personality is a purely social construct
D) Personality is shaped only by conscious experiences
A
B) he saw personality as rooted in the body in terms of two supertraits
3
Q
what were the two supertraits Eysenck saw as largely determining personality?
A) Psychosis and Introversion
B) Cognitive and Affective
C) Neuroticism and Extraversion
D) Behaviorism and Humanism
A
C) neuroticism and extraversion
4
Q
what did Eysenck argue about the difference between introverts and extraverts?
A) Differences are solely genetic in nature
B) Differences are influenced by childhood experiences
C) Differences are the result of hormonal imbalances
D) Differences are derived from activation of the cerebral cortex
A
D) differences are derived from activation of the cerebral cortex
5
Q
who believed that when the cortex is activated the person is alert and when it is not , the person is drowsy?
A) Tellegen
B) Zuckerman
C) Costa and McCrae
D) Eysenck
A
D) Eysenck
6
Q
what did Eysenck believe in terms of introverts and extroverts?
A) Introverts normally have higher cortical arousal than extraverts
B) Personality differences between introverts and extraverts are insignificant
C) Extraverts typically have higher cortical arousal than introverts
D) The concept of introversion and extroversion is not valid according to Eysenck
A
A) introverts normally have higher cortical arousal than extraverts
7
Q
because Eysenck believed extraverts had lower cortical arousal, this meant that extraverts
A) Experience higher stress levels
B) Are more introverted in social situations
C) Seek isolation to maintain their arousal levels
D) Seek stimulation to bring their arousal up
A
D) Seek stimulation to bring their arousal up
8
Q
in a vigilance task, where you might have to listen to a long series of numbers and press a button whenever you hear three odd ones in a row. If your mind wanders, you miss some of what you’re listening for, who would be more likely to miss?
A) People with high attention spans
B) Individuals with a strong memory
C) Introverts
D) Extroverts
A
C) introverts
9
Q
People who are high on this trait have easily aroused emotion centers
A) conscientiousness
B) neuroticism
C) extraversion
D) introversion
A
B) neuroticism
10
Q
Eysenck thought that emotional arousal intensifies the manifestations of both extraversion and introviers and this arousal causes both introverts and extroverts to
A) revert to their old ways
B) do less of what the like
C) engage in heightened emotional situations
D) become more of what they are
A
D) become more of what they are
11
Q
theories proposed about how the nervous system relates to personality all take what approach?
A) situational approach
B) functional approach
C) structural approach
D) anatomical approach
A
B) functional approach
12
Q
what approach to personality refers to the impact of the individual on different types of environment-behaviour relations as well as on the way other factors moderate those relation?
A) situational approach
B) functional approach
C) structural approach
D) anatomical approach
A
B) functional approach
13
Q
many biological theorists on personality believe there is a set of brain structures involved when animals approach
A) needs
B) goals
C) incentives
D) desires
A
C) incentives
14
Q
what system is thought of as regulating the psychological gas pedal, moving toward what you want - a “go” system
A) Inhibitory control system
B) Behavioural approach system
C) Cognitive processing system
D) Emotional suppression system
A
B) Behavioural approach system
15
Q
The structures involved in approach have been given several names, one of those is the behavioural approach system, which of the following is NOT one of those names?
A) activation system
B) behavioural engagement system
C) behavioural go system
D) behavioural facilitation system
A
C) behavioural go system
16
Q
what set of brain structures is presumed to be involved whenever a person is pursuing an incentive
A) Inhibitory control system
B) Behavioural approach system
C) Cognitive processing system
D) Behavioural go system
A
B) Behavioural approach system
17
Q
which system doesn’t rev you up “in neutral,” though, with no incentive in mind
A) Inhibitory control system
B) Behavioural approach system
C) Cognitive processing system
D) Behavioural go system
A
B) Behavioural approach system
18
Q
which system is held to be responsible for many kinds of positive emotions, such as hope, eagerness, and excitement
A) Inhibitory control system
B) Behavioural approach system
C) Cognitive processing system
D) Behavioural go system
A
B) Behavioural approach system
19
Q
evidence suggests that incentives (and positive feelings) activate areas in what brain area?
A) hippocampus
B) right prefrontal cortex
C) left prefrontal cortex.
D) amygdala
A
C) left prefrontal cortex.
20
Q
Higher resting levels in this area predict positive responses to happy films and relate to self-reported BAS sensitivity
A) hippocampus
B) right prefrontal cortex
C) left prefrontal cortex.
D) amygdala
A
C) left prefrontal cortex.
21
Q
findings from brain monitoring and the BAS system led to the conclusion that the left prefrontal cortex is associated with
A) Motor coordination and physical movements
B) tendencies to experience positive emotions and to pursue rewards.
C) Tendencies to experience negative emotions and avoid punishments
D) Memory storage and retrieval processes
A
B) tendencies to experience positive emotions and to pursue rewards.
22
Q
evidence of brain techniques have found that these people have larger volumes of brain brain areas associated with the behavioural approach system
A) Neurotics
B) Introverts
C) Extraverts
D) Individuals with high levels of neuroticism
A
C) Extraverts
23
Q
what is taken as a trait related to approach?
A) conscientiousness
B) neuroticism
C) extraversion
D) introversion
A
C) extraversion
24
Q
what has recent research suggest as what underlies left prefrontal activation?
A) Inhibitory processes
B) Neural inhibition
C) The approach itself
D) Negative feelings
A
C) The approach itself
25
if the desire to approach is prevented what occurs?
A) The approach system becomes even more activated
B) The approach system is engaged, but the emotions are frustration and anger
C) The individual experiences a sense of calm and contentment
D) The individual becomes indifferent and apathetic
B) the approach system is engaged, but the emotions are frustration and anger
26
evidence suggests that the core of left-frontal activation is what?
A) negative feelings
B) desire for reward
C) desire to avoid
D) positive feelings
B) desire for reward
27
how does the BAS system respond to rewards?
A) Passively
B) Indiscriminately
C) Selectively
D) Intuitively
C) Selectively
28
Because the BAS responds selectively to incentives, BAS sensitivity should relate to
A) Learning involving negative outcomes but not to learning involving positive outcomes
B) Learning involving positive outcomes but not to learning involving negative outcomes
C) Learning both positive and negative outcome equally
D) Learning involving neither positive nor negative outcomes
B) learning involving positive outcomes but not to learning involving negative outcomes
29
what has some evidence suggested may be involved in specialised sensitivities to incentives within relationships
A) Cognitive processing mechanisms
B) Social incentives system
C) Emotional inhibition processes
D) Sensory processing functions
B) Social incentives system
30
people with this system are highly sensitive to incentives or to cues of good things about to happen
A) Inhibitory control systems
B) Reactive approach systems
C) Aversive motivation systems
D) Cognitive processing systems
B) Reactive approach systems
31
Those whose approach systems are _____ reactive don’t respond as much (either behaviorally or emotionally) to cues of good things to happen
A) less
B) more
C) Equally
D) Occasionally
A) less
32
what neurotransmitter is involved in the approach system?
A) norepinephrine
B) GABA
C) serotonin
D) dopamine
D) dopamine
33
which of the following would be a way of studying dopamine function?
A) Analyzing historical records
B) Observing social interactions
C) Measuring heart rate variability
D) Use biomedical indicators of response to certain drugs
D) use biomedical indicators of response to certain drugs
34
what neurotransmitter is related to several aspects of extraversion, including social dominance, enthusiasm, energy, and assertiveness
A) norepinephrine
B) GABA
C) serotonin
D) dopamine
D) dopamine
35
what levels of this neurotransmitter produce a flexible shifting among goals
A) fluctuating dopamine levels
B) moderate dopamine levels
C) high dopamine levels
D) low dopamine levels
C) high dopamine levels
36
flexibility shifting of goals can be seen as distractibility and consistent with this, evidence has found that _______ is linked with distractability
A) fluctuating dopamine levels
B) moderate dopamine levels
C) high dopamine levels
D) low dopamine levels
C) high dopamine levels
37
bursts of dopamine in response to reward increase the learning (and the execution) of _________ responses, and that dips in dopamine after nonreward increase the learning (and the execution) of _______ responses
A) Cognitive; emotional
B) Excitatory; inhibitory
C) avoidance; approach
D) approach; avoidance
D) approach; avoidance
38
the effect of dopamine on learning is related to
A) response
B) motivation
C) performance
D) actual learning
C) performance
39
if dopamine is involved in approach-related effort, this would mean what effect dopamine has on learning?
A) response
B) motivation
C) performance
D) actual learning
B) motivation
40
Dopaminergic neurons respond intensely to unexpected rewards but less so to rewards that are expected. When a reward is expected but fails to occur these neurons
A) Become more active
B) Exhibit no change in responding
C) Decrease responding
D) Increase responding
C) decrease responding
41
decreases in the pattern of responding from dopaminergic neurons when a reward is expected but fails to occur indicate that these neurons are involved in unexpected events that are
A) Predictable
B) Better and worse than expected
C) Random
D) Less favorable than expected
B) Better and worse than expected
42
what is the pattern of dopaminergic neuron response when there an event is better than expected
A) increase in activity
B) no change in activity
C) decrease in activity
D) fluctuations in activity
A) increase in activity
43
what is the pattern of dopaminergic neuron response when there an event is worse than expected
A) increase in activity
B) no change in activity
C) decrease in activity
D) fluctuations in activity
C) decrease in activity
44
what is the pattern of dopaminergic neuron response when there an event occurs as expected
A) increase in activity
B) no change in activity
C) decrease in activity
D) fluctuations in activity
B) no change in activity
45
in relation to dopamine and events, what do some researchers believe about how learning takes place?
A) Through detection of unexpected events
B) Through passive observation
C) Through conscious intention
D) Through rote memorization
A) Through detection of unexpected events
46
what is the distinct system in the brain that reacts to punishments and threats, rather than incentives
A) The cognitive processing system
B) The emotional inhibition system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
D) Behavioural approach system
C) behavioural withdrawal system
47
thinking of this system as a psychological brake pedal—a “stop” system or a “throw-it-into-reverse” system.
A) The cognitive reversal system
B) The inhibition system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
D) Behavioural approach system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
48
Activity in this system may cause people to inhibit movement (especially if they’re currently approaching an incentive) or to pull back from what they just encountered
A) The cognitive reversal system
B) The inhibition system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
D) Behavioural approach system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
49
When this system is engaged, the person may stop and scan for further cues about the threat, or the person may pull back
A) The cognitive reversal system
B) The inhibition system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
D) Behavioural approach system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
50
a system thought to be responsible for feelings, such as anxiety, fear, guilt, and revulsion.
A) The cognitive reversal system
B) The inhibition system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
D) Behavioural approach system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
51
evidence suggests that this brain area is more active people are feeling anxiety or aversion
A) hippocampus
B) right prefrontal cortex
C) left prefrontal cortex.
D) amygdala
B) right prefrontal cortex
52
Higher resting levels in this area predict more negative feelings when seeing such films, and they also relate to self-reports of threat sensitivity
A) hippocampus
B) right prefrontal cortex
C) left prefrontal cortex.
D) amygdala
B) right prefrontal cortex
53
what system is related to the right prefrontal cortex?
A) The cognitive reversal system
B) The inhibition system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
D) Behavioural approach system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
54
sensitivity of this system is related to negative outcomes
A) The cognitive reversal system
B) The inhibition system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
D) Behavioural approach system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
55
Zinbarg and Mohlman (1998) found that threat sensitivity predicted speed at learning cues of punishment (but not cues of reward). This finding is consistent with
A) sensitivity to learning negative outcomes in the behavioural approach system
B) sensitivity to learning negative outcomes in the behavioural withdrawal system
C) sensitivity to learning positive outcomes in the behavioural approach system
D) sensitivity to learning positive outcomes in the behavioural withdrawal system
B) sensitivity to learning negative outcomes in the behavioural withdrawal system
56
people with reactive avoidance systems are sensitive to
A) body language
B) facial expressions
C) anger
D) threat
D) threat
57
This dimension reflects a trait of anxiety proneness
A)
B) incentive reactivity
C) reactive approach systems
D) reactive avoidance systems
D) reactive avoidance systems
58
some evidence has linked sensitivity of GABA receptors to
A) conscientiousness
B) neuroticism
C) extraversion
D) introversion
B) neuroticism
59
what neurotransmitter is produced in response to stress and has been linked to panic reactions?
A) Serotonin
B) Norepinephrine
C) Cortisol
D) GABA
B) Norepinephrine
60
The avoidance system links easily to the trait of
A) conscientiousness
B) neuroticism
C) extraversion
D) introversion
B) neuroticism
61
what has evidence suggests in terms of brain areas believed to be important in threat responses and neuroticism
A) Neuroticism is unrelated to brain structure
B) Threat responses are inversely related to neuroticism
C) Threat responses covary in volume with neuroticism
D) Neuroticism is solely determined by environmental factors
C) Threat responses covary in volume with neuroticism
62
The approach system links easily to the trait of
A) conscientiousness
B) neuroticism
C) extraversion
D) introversion
C) extraversion
63
why is it difficult to fit approach system and extraversion together?
A) Approach systems are not involved in personality traits
B) Extraversion is solely determined by genetic factors
C) Theorists agree on a unified definition of extraversion
D) Theorists differ about what defines extraversion
D) Theorists differ about what defines extraversion
64
what do definitions of extraversion usually include?
A) sense of activity and agency
B) Preference for solitude
C) Emotional withdrawal
D) Cognitive flexibility
A) sense of activity and agency
65
what do all definitions of extraversions include?
A) Tendency to experience negative emotions
B) Tendency to experience positive emotions.
C) Preference for solitude
D) Cognitive rigidity
B) Tendency to experience positive emotions.
66
what do contemporary developmental theorists assume about the BAS?
A) The BAS is solely determined by genetic factors
B) There is an approach temperament
C) The BAS is unrelated to personality development
D) The BAS is primarily shaped by environmental influences
B) There is an approach temperament
67
what tendencies do all theorist on extraversion incorporate ?
A) sociability and positive emotions
B) impulsivity and positive emotions
C) pursuit of incentives and positive emotions
D) pursuit of incentives and sociability
C) pursuit of incentives and positive emotions
68
Who incorporates pursuit of incentives, sociability, impulsivity and positive emotions in extraversion?
A) Depue
B) Zuckerman
C) Tellegan
D) Gray
A) Depue
69
Eysenck, Costa & McCrae and Tellegen incorporate all tendencies in relation to extraversion EXCEPT
A) pursuit of incentives
B) sociability
C) Impulsivity
D) positive emotions
C) Impulsivity
70
Depue incorporates all of the following tendencies in extraversion, however, Gray does not incorporate what tendency?
A) pursuit of incentives
B) sociability
C) Impulsivity
D) positive emotions
B) sociability
71
Lucas, Diener, Grob, Suh, & Shao, 2000 concluded that the core of extraversion is _______ and the tendency to experience _______
A) Social withdrawal; negative affect
B) Cognitive flexibility; emotional withdrawal
C) Reward sensitivity; positive affect
D) Inhibitory control; emotional inhibition
C) Reward sensitivity; positive affect
72
some research have shown that extraverts are not more responsive to pleasant stimuli in general, but only to those associated with approach motivation and reward, known as
A) Appetitive stimuli
B) Aversive stimuli
C) Indifferent stimuli
D) Neutral stimuli
A) Appetitive stimuli
73
Eysenck included impulsiveness in extraversion for years, but then he moved it, because it consistently related better to
A) Neuroticism
B) Psychoticism
C) Extraversion
D) Introversion
B) Psychoticism
74
Depue and Collins (1999) said that impulsivity with positive affect belongs in
A) Neuroticism
B) Psychoticism
C) Extraversion
D) Introversion
C) Extraversion
75
what did Depue and Collins (1999) say in relation to impulsivity and extraversion?
A) impulsivity without positive affect belongs
B) impulsivity without positive affect does not belong in extraversion
C) Impulsivity is unrelated to personality traits
D) Impulsivity is solely determined by genetic factors
B) impulsivity without positive affect does not belong in extraversion
76
On the whole, what does evidence suggests about impulsivity relating to extraversion
A) Impulsivity is unrelated to extraversion
B) Impulsivity is exclusively determined by genetic factors
C) Impulsivity is a core component of extraversion
D) It does not belong in extraversion
D) It does not belong in extraversion
77
People high in this dimension of personality want new, varied, and exciting experiences
A) effortful control
B) constraint
C) impulsivity
D) sensation seeking
D) sensation seeking
78
an early view of this personality dimension was that it regulates exposure to stimulus intensity, what dimension is this and what approach does this take?
A) impulsivity ; functional approach
B) sensation seeking ; functional approach
C) impulsivity ; process approach
D) sensation seeking ; structural approach
B) sensation seeking ; functional approach
79
what people would function well in overstimulating conditions, such as combat, but they may display antisocial qualities in situations that are less demanding?
A) those high in constraint
B) those high in effortful control
C) those high in sensation seeking
D) those high in impulsivity
C) those high in sensation seeking
80
what people are better adapted to most circumstances of life, but they may “shut down” psychologically when things get too intense.
A) those low in constraint
B) those low in effortful control
C) those low in sensation seeking
D) those low in impulsivity
C) those low in sensation seeking
81
what term does Zuckerman use to describe a deficit in the capacity to inhibit behaviour in service of social adaptation?
A) approach socialised sensation seeking
B) impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking
C) impulsive socialised sensation seeking
D) withdrawal socialised sensation seeking
B) impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking
82
impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking relates _____ to sociability and ______ to aggressiveness
A) negatively; positively
B) inversely; positively
C) positively; negatively
D) inversely; negatively
B) inversely; positively
83
what has been implicated in antisocial personality disorder ?
A) approach socialised sensation seeking
B) impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking
C) impulsive socialised sensation seeking
D) withdrawal socialised sensation seeking
B) impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking
84
what function of sensation seeking involves a focus on immediate consequences of behaviour, rather than longer term consequences
A) approach socialised sensation seeking
B) impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking
C) impulsive socialised sensation seeking
D) withdrawal socialised sensation seeking
B) impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking
85
impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking is a view of the trait of sensation seeking that relates to
A) Cognitive processing abilities
B) Demands of social living
C) Emotional stability
D) Inhibitory control
B) demands of social living
86
what dimension of personality incorporates qualities of impulse versus restraint?
A) effortful control
B) constraint
C) impulsivity
D) sensation seeking
D) sensation seeking
87
impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking relates inversely to what traits of the five-factor model of personality
A) Extraversion and Agreeableness
B) Agreeableness and Conscientiousness
C) Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience
D) Conscientiousness and Neuroticism
B) agreeableness and conscientiousness
88
impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking relates to what traits in Tellegen’s (1985) model?
A) psychoticism & openness
B) neuroticism & psychoticism
C) extraversion & psychoticism
D) constraint & psychoticism
D) constraint & psychoticism
89
impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking also relates to what trait in Eysenck’s model
A) psychoticism
B) neuroticism
C) extraversion
D) constraint
A) psychoticism
90
what temperament bears a good deal of resemblance to impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking
A) approach temperament
B) effortful control
C) optimistic temperament
D) sugency
B) effortful control
91
High levels of this temperament early in life predict fewer problems with antisocial behavior later on
A) approach temperament
B) effortful control
C) optimistic temperament
D) sugency
B) effortful control
92
This temperament is slower to emerge than the approach and avoidance temperaments and may not be fully operative until adulthood
A) affiliativeness
B) effortful control
C) optimistic temperament
D) sugency
B) effortful control
93
A person with strong appetites and little fear will approach _____, while a person weak appetites and strong fear won’t.
A) effortful control
B) constraint
C) impulsivity
D) sensation seeking
C) impulsivity
94
what would help people do things they don’t want to do, such as look happy when they get a gift they don’t really like
A) effortful control
B) constraint
C) impulsivity
D) sensation seeking
A) effortful control
95
monoamine oxidase is an enzyme responsible for what?
A) Memory consolidation
B) Regulating several neurotransmitters
C) Synaptic vesicle release
D) Neuronal communication
B) Regulating several neurotransmitters
96
which of the following doe monoamine oxidase (MAO) levels NOT relate to?
A) novelty seeking
B) impulsivity
C) aggression
D) happiness
D) happiness
97
in those with aggressive tendencies, what would lead to greater hostility and aggressiveness?
A) low levels of norepinephrine
B) high levels of serotonin
C) low levels of serotonin
D) high levels of norepinephrine
C) low levels of serotonin
98
some researchers believe that low serotonergic function is directly linked to
A) hostility
B) impulsiveness
C) sensation seeking
D) restraint
B) impulsiveness
99
what is the process by which hormones play in resulting in an exterior that looks female?
A) Genetic factors
B) If a genetic male isn't exposed to androgen at critical points of development
C) Exposure to estrogen at critical points of development
D) Development of secondary sex characteristics
B) If a genetic male isn't exposed to androgen
100
what is the process by which hormones play in resulting in an exterior that looks male?
A) If a genetic female is exposed to testosterone at critical points of development
B) If a genetic male isn't exposed to androgen at critical points of development
C) Exposure to estrogen
D) Development of secondary sex characteristics
A) If a genetic female is exposed to testosterone at critical points of development
101
what does exposure to androgens during normal fetal development do?
A) Feminizes the nervous system
B) Masculinizes the nervous system
C) Has no impact on the nervous system
D) Induces hormonal imbalance
B) Masculinizes the nervous system
102
high testosterone tends to lead men into
A) Low-risk behaviors
B) High-risk behaviors
C) Low socioeconomic status (SES) lives
D) High socioeconomic status (SES) lives
C) Low socioeconomic status (SES) lives
103
why would high testosterone tends to lead men into lower-SES lives
A) High testosterone has no impact on life choices
B) High testosterone promotes antisocial behavior and disruption of education
C) High testosterone is associated with a preference for lower-SES environments
D) High testosterone is linked to an increased desire for education and career success
B) High testosterone promotes antisocial behavior and disruption of education
104
what do levels of testosterone shift in response to
A) Genetic factors
B) Social situations
C) Hormonal therapy
D) Emotional states
B) Social situations
105
in terms of studying the fight or flight response in to threat, what did Taylor et al. point out
A) The fight or flight response is only relevant in certain cultures
B) The fight or flight response is not biologically determined
C) Most studies focus on males
D) Most studies focus on females
C) Most studies focus on males
106
what have studies found in relation to the behavioural responses that females exhibit in response to threat
A) No gender differences in behavioral responses
B) Behavioral responses are solely determined by genetics
C) Their behavior concerns affiliation with other women
D) They exhibit fight or flight responses
C) Their behavior concerns affiliation with other women
107
what phrase is used in terms of behaviour responses which are stronger in females than in males
A) Fight or flight
B) Tend and befriend
C) Freeze or flee
D) Engage or evade
B) Tend and befriend
108
what is the evolutionary advantage of tending
A) Reduces certain kinds of risk
B) Protects offspring from harm
C) Isolates from social threats
D) Increases aggression
B) Protects offspring from harm
109
what is the evolutionary advantage of befriending
A) Protects offspring from harm
B) Increases the chances of receiving tending from each other when needed
C) Isolation from social threats
D) Increases aggression against other females
B) Increases the chances of receiving tending from each other when needed
110
what perspective is the process of attachment often discussed
A) Social cognition
B) Neurological development
C) Caregivers bond to the infant
D) Infants bond to the caregiver
D) Infants bond to the caregiver
111
what does the hormone oxytocin act to do?
A) Increase fear and inhibit bonding
B) Reduce fear and enhance mother–infant bonding
C) Have no impact on emotions or social bonding
D) Stimulate aggression and reduce social connections
B) Reduce fear and enhance mother–infant bonding
112
what is the role of androgen and estrogen in oxytocin
A) Androgens and estrogen have no impact on oxytocin
B) Androgens inhibit its release under stress, and estrogen increases its effects
C) Estrogen inhibits its release under stress, and androgen increases its effects
D) Oxytocin regulates the release of androgens and estrogen
B) Androgens inhibit its release under stress, and estrogen increases its effects
113
what would be used for an indirect indication of brain activity in higher regions of the brain?
A) EEG
B) PET
C) MRI
D) fMRI
A) EEG
114
reasoning behind the use of this biological method of assessment is that neurons in the brain fire at various intervals, creating fluctuations in voltage
A) EEG
B) PET
C) MRI
D) fMRI
A) EEG
115
what does EEG activity of the cerebral cortex form?
A) patterns that relate to different subjective states
B) a map in which colours represent levels of brain activity
C) slices of different parts of the brain
D)
A) patterns that relate to different subjective states
116
what would make it possible to identify a person who’s dominated by incentive motivation or by avoidance motivation by looking at left- versus right-prefrontal activation levels at rest
A) EEG
B) PET
C) MRI
D) fMRI
A) EEG
117
what technique derives a picture of brain functioning from metabolic activity
A) EEG
B) PET
C) MRI
D) fMRI
B) PET
118
which of the following techniques would computer colour code the intensities of glucose producing a brain map in which colours represent levels of brain activities?
A) EEG
B) PET
C) MRI
D) fMRI
B) PET
119
A picture of activity inside the brain based on how separate parts of the brain tissue react to pulses of electromagnetic energy
A) EEG
B) PET
C) MRI
D) fMRI
C) MRI
120
which of the following techniques would create images of slices across the brain, as seen from above
A) EEG
B) PET
C) MRI
D) fMRI
C) MRI
121
what was MRI used primarily for initially?
A) To study psychological disorders
B) To look for structural problems in the brain
C) To measure neurotransmitter levels
D) To monitor cognitive processes
B) to look for structural problems in the brain
122
if you were having blackouts after an auto accident, which of the following techniques would you be asked to undergo?
A) EEG
B) PET
C) MRI
D) fMRI
C) MRI
123
which of the following techniques is used to create a picture of activity inside the brain in different mental states.
A) EEG
B) PET
C) MRI
D) fMRI
D) fMRI
124
which of the following scenarios would an fMRI be used?
A) Assessing physical injuries to the brain
B) Assessing levels of activation in various brain regions, both at rest and when engaged in tasks
C) Measuring hormone levels in the brain
D) Studying the overall size and structure of the brain
B) Assessing levels of activation in various brain regions, both at rest and when engaged in tasks
125
provides a three-dimensional picture means it can show precise locations of increases and decreases in neural activity as a function of what the person is doing
A) EEG
B) PET
C) MRI
D) fMRI
D) fMRI
126
anxiety disorders is the easiest disorder to do what?
A)
B) understand the genetic basis of the BAS and BIS systems
C) link the strength and sensitivity of the BAS and BIS systems to learned responses
D)
C) link the strength and sensitivity of the BAS and BIS systems to learned responses
127
what is depression tied to?
A) strong BIS
B) weak BIS
C) strong BAS
D) weak BAS
D) weak BAS
128
if a person has weak BAS activation, they would most likely
A) have more motivation to avoid risks
B) have little motivation to approach incentives
C) have little motivation to
D) have more motivation to approach incentives
B) have little motivation to approach incentives
129
what is the third system in which anxiety and depression has deficits in
A) planfulness versus impulsivity
B) constraint or effortful control
C) impulse versus restraint
D) constraint versus impulsivity
B) constraint or effortful control
130
it is argued that people with this personality have an overactive BAS
A) extraverted personality
B) antisocial personality
C) narcissistic personality
D) avoidant personality
B) antisocial personality
131
antisocial personality is NOT linked to
A) pursue whatever incentive comes to mind
B) having deficits in the threat system
C) fail to learn from punishment or aren’t motivated to avoid it
D) having deficits in the reward system
D) having deficits in the reward system
132
boys with alleles causing low MAO engage in more antisocial behavior
A) show increased empathy and altruism
B) only if they were well-nurtured while growing up
C) only if they were maltreated while growing up
D) were unaffected by environmental factors
C) only if they were maltreated while growing up
133
what do high rates of testosterone relate to
A) increased emotional sensitivity
B) violent and antisocial behavior
C) enhanced cognitive abilities
D) reduced assertiveness
B) violent and antisocial behavior
134
what is the type of pharmacotherapy used for the treatment of bipolar and manic depression?
A) Aripiprazole
B) Quetiapine
C) Clozapine
D) Lithium
D) lithium
135
seeing changes in personality as a function of a slight alteration in brain chemistry from medication raises questions about
A) the stability of personality traits
B) where personality derives
C) the influence of genetics on personality
D) the role of environment in shaping personality
A) the stability of personality traits
B) where personality derives
136
what biologically based treatment involves focusing a magnetic field on a specific location in the brain
A) brain ablation
B) transcranial magnetic stimulation
C) track weighted imaging
D) event related potential
B) transcranial magnetic stimulation
137
a technique in which temporary disruption of a particular brain area is done by applying a pulsating magnetic field using a stimulating could placed over the person's skull. - A series of pulses presented to a particular area of the brain for seconds or minutes temporarily interferes with brain functioning in that area.
A) brain ablation
B) track weighted imaging
C) transcranial magnetic stimulation
D) electroconvulsive therapy
C) transcranial magnetic stimulation
138
what has transcranial magnetic stimulation been used to do
A) decrease activity in left frontal brain areas
B) increase activity in left frontal brain areas
C) increase activity in right frontal brain areas
D) decrease activity in right frontal brain areas
B) increase activity in left frontal brain areas
139
TMS treatment used to increase activity in left frontal brain areas has been identified in research as being involved in
A) sensation seeking behaviour
B) impulsive behaviour
C) approach behaviour
D) avoidance behaviour
C) approach behaviour
140
TMS treatment to reduce activity in the right frontal areas of the brain has been identified in research as being involved in
A) sensation seeking behaviour
B) impulsive behaviour
C) approach behaviour
D) avoidance behaviour
D) avoidance behaviour
141
what do many believe about what the eventual use of TMS will be
A) that it will replace traditional forms of therapy
B) that it will be ineffective in treating any problems
C) that it will exclusively focus on neurological disorders
D) that it will be a key tool in the treatment of a wide range of problems
D) that it will be a key tool in the treatment of a wide range of problems
142
why is personality from a biological view somewhat fragmented?
A) due to the dominance of environmental factors in shaping personality
B) theories about how the nervous system and hormones influence behavior rely on knowledge from other sciences
C) because biological perspectives ignore psychological and social influences
D) as personality is solely determined by genetic factors
B) theories about how the nervous system and hormones influence behavior rely on knowledge from other sciences
