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Personality Psychology > BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES > Flashcards

BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES Flashcards

1
Q

who contributed to the first attempt to link personality and biological functions?

A) Cost and McCrae

B) Eysenck

C) Zuckerman

D) Tellegen

A

B) Eysenck

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2
Q

what was Eysenck’s view of personality?

A) Personality is solely determined by environmental factors

B) He saw personality as rooted in the body in terms of two supertraits

C) Personality is a purely social construct

D) Personality is shaped only by conscious experiences

A

B) he saw personality as rooted in the body in terms of two supertraits

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3
Q

what were the two supertraits Eysenck saw as largely determining personality?

A) Psychosis and Introversion

B) Cognitive and Affective

C) Neuroticism and Extraversion

D) Behaviorism and Humanism

A

C) neuroticism and extraversion

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4
Q

what did Eysenck argue about the difference between introverts and extraverts?

A) Differences are solely genetic in nature

B) Differences are influenced by childhood experiences

C) Differences are the result of hormonal imbalances

D) Differences are derived from activation of the cerebral cortex

A

D) differences are derived from activation of the cerebral cortex

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5
Q

who believed that when the cortex is activated the person is alert and when it is not , the person is drowsy?

A) Tellegen

B) Zuckerman

C) Costa and McCrae

D) Eysenck

A

D) Eysenck

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6
Q

what did Eysenck believe in terms of introverts and extroverts?

A) Introverts normally have higher cortical arousal than extraverts

B) Personality differences between introverts and extraverts are insignificant

C) Extraverts typically have higher cortical arousal than introverts

D) The concept of introversion and extroversion is not valid according to Eysenck

A

A) introverts normally have higher cortical arousal than extraverts

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7
Q

because Eysenck believed extraverts had lower cortical arousal, this meant that extraverts

A) Experience higher stress levels

B) Are more introverted in social situations

C) Seek isolation to maintain their arousal levels

D) Seek stimulation to bring their arousal up

A

D) Seek stimulation to bring their arousal up

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8
Q

in a vigilance task, where you might have to listen to a long series of numbers and press a button whenever you hear three odd ones in a row. If your mind wanders, you miss some of what you’re listening for, who would be more likely to miss?

A) People with high attention spans

B) Individuals with a strong memory

C) Introverts

D) Extroverts

A

C) introverts

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9
Q

People who are high on this trait have easily aroused emotion centers

A) conscientiousness

B) neuroticism

C) extraversion

D) introversion

A

B) neuroticism

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10
Q

Eysenck thought that emotional arousal intensifies the manifestations of both extraversion and introviers and this arousal causes both introverts and extroverts to

A) revert to their old ways

B) do less of what the like

C) engage in heightened emotional situations

D) become more of what they are

A

D) become more of what they are

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11
Q

theories proposed about how the nervous system relates to personality all take what approach?

A) situational approach

B) functional approach

C) structural approach

D) anatomical approach

A

B) functional approach

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12
Q

what approach to personality refers to the impact of the individual on different types of environment-behaviour relations as well as on the way other factors moderate those relation?

A) situational approach

B) functional approach

C) structural approach

D) anatomical approach

A

B) functional approach

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13
Q

many biological theorists on personality believe there is a set of brain structures involved when animals approach

A) needs

B) goals

C) incentives

D) desires

A

C) incentives

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14
Q

what system is thought of as regulating the psychological gas pedal, moving toward what you want - a “go” system

A) Inhibitory control system

B) Behavioural approach system

C) Cognitive processing system

D) Emotional suppression system

A

B) Behavioural approach system

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15
Q

The structures involved in approach have been given several names, one of those is the behavioural approach system, which of the following is NOT one of those names?

A) activation system

B) behavioural engagement system

C) behavioural go system

D) behavioural facilitation system

A

C) behavioural go system

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16
Q

what set of brain structures is presumed to be involved whenever a person is pursuing an incentive

A) Inhibitory control system

B) Behavioural approach system

C) Cognitive processing system

D) Behavioural go system

A

B) Behavioural approach system

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17
Q

which system doesn’t rev you up “in neutral,” though, with no incentive in mind

A) Inhibitory control system

B) Behavioural approach system

C) Cognitive processing system

D) Behavioural go system

A

B) Behavioural approach system

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18
Q

which system is held to be responsible for many kinds of positive emotions, such as hope, eagerness, and excitement

A) Inhibitory control system

B) Behavioural approach system

C) Cognitive processing system

D) Behavioural go system

A

B) Behavioural approach system

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19
Q

evidence suggests that incentives (and positive feelings) activate areas in what brain area?

A) hippocampus

B) right prefrontal cortex

C) left prefrontal cortex.

D) amygdala

A

C) left prefrontal cortex.

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20
Q

Higher resting levels in this area predict positive responses to happy films and relate to self-reported BAS sensitivity

A) hippocampus

B) right prefrontal cortex

C) left prefrontal cortex.

D) amygdala

A

C) left prefrontal cortex.

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21
Q

findings from brain monitoring and the BAS system led to the conclusion that the left prefrontal cortex is associated with

A) Motor coordination and physical movements

B) tendencies to experience positive emotions and to pursue rewards.

C) Tendencies to experience negative emotions and avoid punishments

D) Memory storage and retrieval processes

A

B) tendencies to experience positive emotions and to pursue rewards.

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22
Q

evidence of brain techniques have found that these people have larger volumes of brain brain areas associated with the behavioural approach system

A) Neurotics

B) Introverts

C) Extraverts

D) Individuals with high levels of neuroticism

A

C) Extraverts

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23
Q

what is taken as a trait related to approach?

A) conscientiousness

B) neuroticism

C) extraversion

D) introversion

A

C) extraversion

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24
Q

what has recent research suggest as what underlies left prefrontal activation?

A) Inhibitory processes

B) Neural inhibition

C) The approach itself

D) Negative feelings

A

C) The approach itself

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25
Q

if the desire to approach is prevented what occurs?

A) The approach system becomes even more activated

B) The approach system is engaged, but the emotions are frustration and anger

C) The individual experiences a sense of calm and contentment

D) The individual becomes indifferent and apathetic

A

B) the approach system is engaged, but the emotions are frustration and anger

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26
Q

evidence suggests that the core of left-frontal activation is what?

A) negative feelings

B) desire for reward

C) desire to avoid

D) positive feelings

A

B) desire for reward

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27
Q

how does the BAS system respond to rewards?

A) Passively

B) Indiscriminately

C) Selectively

D) Intuitively

A

C) Selectively

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28
Q

Because the BAS responds selectively to incentives, BAS sensitivity should relate to

A) Learning involving negative outcomes but not to learning involving positive outcomes

B) Learning involving positive outcomes but not to learning involving negative outcomes

C) Learning both positive and negative outcome equally

D) Learning involving neither positive nor negative outcomes

A

B) learning involving positive outcomes but not to learning involving negative outcomes

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29
Q

what has some evidence suggested may be involved in specialised sensitivities to incentives within relationships

A) Cognitive processing mechanisms

B) Social incentives system

C) Emotional inhibition processes

D) Sensory processing functions

A

B) Social incentives system

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30
Q

people with this system are highly sensitive to incentives or to cues of good things about to happen

A) Inhibitory control systems

B) Reactive approach systems

C) Aversive motivation systems

D) Cognitive processing systems

A

B) Reactive approach systems

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31
Q

Those whose approach systems are _____ reactive don’t respond as much (either behaviorally or emotionally) to cues of good things to happen

A) less

B) more

C) Equally

D) Occasionally

A

A) less

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32
Q

what neurotransmitter is involved in the approach system?

A) norepinephrine

B) GABA

C) serotonin

D) dopamine

A

D) dopamine

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33
Q

which of the following would be a way of studying dopamine function?

A) Analyzing historical records

B) Observing social interactions

C) Measuring heart rate variability

D) Use biomedical indicators of response to certain drugs

A

D) use biomedical indicators of response to certain drugs

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34
Q

what neurotransmitter is related to several aspects of extraversion, including social dominance, enthusiasm, energy, and assertiveness

A) norepinephrine

B) GABA

C) serotonin

D) dopamine

A

D) dopamine

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35
Q

what levels of this neurotransmitter produce a flexible shifting among goals

A) fluctuating dopamine levels

B) moderate dopamine levels

C) high dopamine levels

D) low dopamine levels

A

C) high dopamine levels

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36
Q

flexibility shifting of goals can be seen as distractibility and consistent with this, evidence has found that _______ is linked with distractability

A) fluctuating dopamine levels

B) moderate dopamine levels

C) high dopamine levels

D) low dopamine levels

A

C) high dopamine levels

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37
Q

bursts of dopamine in response to reward increase the learning (and the execution) of _________ responses, and that dips in dopamine after nonreward increase the learning (and the execution) of _______ responses

A) Cognitive; emotional

B) Excitatory; inhibitory

C) avoidance; approach

D) approach; avoidance

A

D) approach; avoidance

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38
Q

the effect of dopamine on learning is related to

A) response

B) motivation

C) performance

D) actual learning

A

C) performance

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39
Q

if dopamine is involved in approach-related effort, this would mean what effect dopamine has on learning?

A) response

B) motivation

C) performance

D) actual learning

A

B) motivation

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40
Q

Dopaminergic neurons respond intensely to unexpected rewards but less so to rewards that are expected. When a reward is expected but fails to occur these neurons

A) Become more active

B) Exhibit no change in responding

C) Decrease responding

D) Increase responding

A

C) decrease responding

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41
Q

decreases in the pattern of responding from dopaminergic neurons when a reward is expected but fails to occur indicate that these neurons are involved in unexpected events that are

A) Predictable

B) Better and worse than expected

C) Random

D) Less favorable than expected

A

B) Better and worse than expected

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42
Q

what is the pattern of dopaminergic neuron response when there an event is better than expected

A) increase in activity

B) no change in activity

C) decrease in activity

D) fluctuations in activity

A

A) increase in activity

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43
Q

what is the pattern of dopaminergic neuron response when there an event is worse than expected

A) increase in activity

B) no change in activity

C) decrease in activity

D) fluctuations in activity

A

C) decrease in activity

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44
Q

what is the pattern of dopaminergic neuron response when there an event occurs as expected

A) increase in activity

B) no change in activity

C) decrease in activity

D) fluctuations in activity

A

B) no change in activity

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45
Q

in relation to dopamine and events, what do some researchers believe about how learning takes place?

A) Through detection of unexpected events

B) Through passive observation

C) Through conscious intention

D) Through rote memorization

A

A) Through detection of unexpected events

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46
Q

what is the distinct system in the brain that reacts to punishments and threats, rather than incentives

A) The cognitive processing system

B) The emotional inhibition system

C) Behavioural withdrawal system

D) Behavioural approach system

A

C) behavioural withdrawal system

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47
Q

thinking of this system as a psychological brake pedal—a “stop” system or a “throw-it-into-reverse” system.

A) The cognitive reversal system

B) The inhibition system

C) Behavioural withdrawal system

D) Behavioural approach system

A

C) Behavioural withdrawal system

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48
Q

Activity in this system may cause people to inhibit movement (especially if they’re currently approaching an incentive) or to pull back from what they just encountered

A) The cognitive reversal system

B) The inhibition system

C) Behavioural withdrawal system

D) Behavioural approach system

A

C) Behavioural withdrawal system

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49
Q

When this system is engaged, the person may stop and scan for further cues about the threat, or the person may pull back

A) The cognitive reversal system

B) The inhibition system

C) Behavioural withdrawal system

D) Behavioural approach system

A

C) Behavioural withdrawal system

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50
Q

a system thought to be responsible for feelings, such as anxiety, fear, guilt, and revulsion.

A) The cognitive reversal system

B) The inhibition system

C) Behavioural withdrawal system

D) Behavioural approach system

A

C) Behavioural withdrawal system

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51
Q

evidence suggests that this brain area is more active people are feeling anxiety or aversion

A) hippocampus

B) right prefrontal cortex

C) left prefrontal cortex.

D) amygdala

A

B) right prefrontal cortex

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52
Q

Higher resting levels in this area predict more negative feelings when seeing such films, and they also relate to self-reports of threat sensitivity

A) hippocampus

B) right prefrontal cortex

C) left prefrontal cortex.

D) amygdala

A

B) right prefrontal cortex

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53
Q

what system is related to the right prefrontal cortex?

A) The cognitive reversal system

B) The inhibition system

C) Behavioural withdrawal system

D) Behavioural approach system

A

C) Behavioural withdrawal system

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54
Q

sensitivity of this system is related to negative outcomes

A) The cognitive reversal system

B) The inhibition system

C) Behavioural withdrawal system

D) Behavioural approach system

A

C) Behavioural withdrawal system

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55
Q

Zinbarg and Mohlman (1998) found that threat sensitivity predicted speed at learning cues of punishment (but not cues of reward). This finding is consistent with

A) sensitivity to learning negative outcomes in the behavioural approach system

B) sensitivity to learning negative outcomes in the behavioural withdrawal system

C) sensitivity to learning positive outcomes in the behavioural approach system

D) sensitivity to learning positive outcomes in the behavioural withdrawal system

A

B) sensitivity to learning negative outcomes in the behavioural withdrawal system

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56
Q

people with reactive avoidance systems are sensitive to

A) body language

B) facial expressions

C) anger

D) threat

A

D) threat

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57
Q

This dimension reflects a trait of anxiety proneness

A)

B) incentive reactivity

C) reactive approach systems

D) reactive avoidance systems

A

D) reactive avoidance systems

58
Q

some evidence has linked sensitivity of GABA receptors to

A) conscientiousness

B) neuroticism

C) extraversion

D) introversion

A

B) neuroticism

59
Q

what neurotransmitter is produced in response to stress and has been linked to panic reactions?

A) Serotonin

B) Norepinephrine

C) Cortisol

D) GABA

A

B) Norepinephrine

60
Q

The avoidance system links easily to the trait of

A) conscientiousness

B) neuroticism

C) extraversion

D) introversion

A

B) neuroticism

61
Q

what has evidence suggests in terms of brain areas believed to be important in threat responses and neuroticism

A) Neuroticism is unrelated to brain structure

B) Threat responses are inversely related to neuroticism

C) Threat responses covary in volume with neuroticism

D) Neuroticism is solely determined by environmental factors

A

C) Threat responses covary in volume with neuroticism

62
Q

The approach system links easily to the trait of

A) conscientiousness

B) neuroticism

C) extraversion

D) introversion

A

C) extraversion

63
Q

why is it difficult to fit approach system and extraversion together?

A) Approach systems are not involved in personality traits

B) Extraversion is solely determined by genetic factors

C) Theorists agree on a unified definition of extraversion

D) Theorists differ about what defines extraversion

A

D) Theorists differ about what defines extraversion

64
Q

what do definitions of extraversion usually include?

A) sense of activity and agency

B) Preference for solitude

C) Emotional withdrawal

D) Cognitive flexibility

A

A) sense of activity and agency

65
Q

what do all definitions of extraversions include?

A) Tendency to experience negative emotions

B) Tendency to experience positive emotions.

C) Preference for solitude

D) Cognitive rigidity

A

B) Tendency to experience positive emotions.

66
Q

what do contemporary developmental theorists assume about the BAS?

A) The BAS is solely determined by genetic factors

B) There is an approach temperament

C) The BAS is unrelated to personality development

D) The BAS is primarily shaped by environmental influences

A

B) There is an approach temperament

67
Q

what tendencies do all theorist on extraversion incorporate ?

A) sociability and positive emotions

B) impulsivity and positive emotions

C) pursuit of incentives and positive emotions

D) pursuit of incentives and sociability

A

C) pursuit of incentives and positive emotions

68
Q

Who incorporates pursuit of incentives, sociability, impulsivity and positive emotions in extraversion?

A) Depue

B) Zuckerman

C) Tellegan

D) Gray

A

A) Depue

69
Q

Eysenck, Costa & McCrae and Tellegen incorporate all tendencies in relation to extraversion EXCEPT

A) pursuit of incentives

B) sociability

C) Impulsivity

D) positive emotions

A

C) Impulsivity

70
Q

Depue incorporates all of the following tendencies in extraversion, however, Gray does not incorporate what tendency?

A) pursuit of incentives

B) sociability

C) Impulsivity

D) positive emotions

A

B) sociability

71
Q

Lucas, Diener, Grob, Suh, & Shao, 2000 concluded that the core of extraversion is _______ and the tendency to experience _______

A) Social withdrawal; negative affect

B) Cognitive flexibility; emotional withdrawal

C) Reward sensitivity; positive affect

D) Inhibitory control; emotional inhibition

A

C) Reward sensitivity; positive affect

72
Q

some research have shown that extraverts are not more responsive to pleasant stimuli in general, but only to those associated with approach motivation and reward, known as

A) Appetitive stimuli

B) Aversive stimuli

C) Indifferent stimuli

D) Neutral stimuli

A

A) Appetitive stimuli

73
Q

Eysenck included impulsiveness in extraversion for years, but then he moved it, because it consistently related better to

A) Neuroticism

B) Psychoticism

C) Extraversion

D) Introversion

A

B) Psychoticism

74
Q

Depue and Collins (1999) said that impulsivity with positive affect belongs in

A) Neuroticism

B) Psychoticism

C) Extraversion

D) Introversion

A

C) Extraversion

75
Q

what did Depue and Collins (1999) say in relation to impulsivity and extraversion?

A) impulsivity without positive affect belongs

B) impulsivity without positive affect does not belong in extraversion

C) Impulsivity is unrelated to personality traits

D) Impulsivity is solely determined by genetic factors

A

B) impulsivity without positive affect does not belong in extraversion

76
Q

On the whole, what does evidence suggests about impulsivity relating to extraversion

A) Impulsivity is unrelated to extraversion

B) Impulsivity is exclusively determined by genetic factors

C) Impulsivity is a core component of extraversion

D) It does not belong in extraversion

A

D) It does not belong in extraversion

77
Q

People high in this dimension of personality want new, varied, and exciting experiences

A) effortful control

B) constraint

C) impulsivity

D) sensation seeking

A

D) sensation seeking

78
Q

an early view of this personality dimension was that it regulates exposure to stimulus intensity, what dimension is this and what approach does this take?

A) impulsivity ; functional approach

B) sensation seeking ; functional approach

C) impulsivity ; process approach

D) sensation seeking ; structural approach

A

B) sensation seeking ; functional approach

79
Q

what people would function well in overstimulating conditions, such as combat, but they may display antisocial qualities in situations that are less demanding?

A) those high in constraint

B) those high in effortful control

C) those high in sensation seeking

D) those high in impulsivity

A

C) those high in sensation seeking

80
Q

what people are better adapted to most circumstances of life, but they may “shut down” psychologically when things get too intense.

A) those low in constraint

B) those low in effortful control

C) those low in sensation seeking

D) those low in impulsivity

A

C) those low in sensation seeking

81
Q

what term does Zuckerman use to describe a deficit in the capacity to inhibit behaviour in service of social adaptation?

A) approach socialised sensation seeking

B) impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking

C) impulsive socialised sensation seeking

D) withdrawal socialised sensation seeking

A

B) impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking

82
Q

impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking relates _____ to sociability and ______ to aggressiveness

A) negatively; positively

B) inversely; positively

C) positively; negatively

D) inversely; negatively

A

B) inversely; positively

83
Q

what has been implicated in antisocial personality disorder ?

A) approach socialised sensation seeking

B) impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking

C) impulsive socialised sensation seeking

D) withdrawal socialised sensation seeking

A

B) impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking

84
Q

what function of sensation seeking involves a focus on immediate consequences of behaviour, rather than longer term consequences

A) approach socialised sensation seeking

B) impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking

C) impulsive socialised sensation seeking

D) withdrawal socialised sensation seeking

A

B) impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking

85
Q

impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking is a view of the trait of sensation seeking that relates to

A) Cognitive processing abilities

B) Demands of social living

C) Emotional stability

D) Inhibitory control

A

B) demands of social living

86
Q

what dimension of personality incorporates qualities of impulse versus restraint?

A) effortful control

B) constraint

C) impulsivity

D) sensation seeking

A

D) sensation seeking

87
Q

impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking relates inversely to what traits of the five-factor model of personality

A) Extraversion and Agreeableness

B) Agreeableness and Conscientiousness

C) Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience

D) Conscientiousness and Neuroticism

A

B) agreeableness and conscientiousness

88
Q

impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking relates to what traits in Tellegen’s (1985) model?

A) psychoticism & openness

B) neuroticism & psychoticism

C) extraversion & psychoticism

D) constraint & psychoticism

A

D) constraint & psychoticism

89
Q

impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking also relates to what trait in Eysenck’s model

A) psychoticism

B) neuroticism

C) extraversion

D) constraint

A

A) psychoticism

90
Q

what temperament bears a good deal of resemblance to impulsive unsocialized sensation seeking

A) approach temperament

B) effortful control

C) optimistic temperament

D) sugency

A

B) effortful control

91
Q

High levels of this temperament early in life predict fewer problems with antisocial behavior later on

A) approach temperament

B) effortful control

C) optimistic temperament

D) sugency

A

B) effortful control

92
Q

This temperament is slower to emerge than the approach and avoidance temperaments and may not be fully operative until adulthood

A) affiliativeness

B) effortful control

C) optimistic temperament

D) sugency

A

B) effortful control

93
Q

A person with strong appetites and little fear will approach _____, while a person weak appetites and strong fear won’t.

A) effortful control

B) constraint

C) impulsivity

D) sensation seeking

A

C) impulsivity

94
Q

what would help people do things they don’t want to do, such as look happy when they get a gift they don’t really like

A) effortful control

B) constraint

C) impulsivity

D) sensation seeking

A

A) effortful control

95
Q

monoamine oxidase is an enzyme responsible for what?

A) Memory consolidation

B) Regulating several neurotransmitters

C) Synaptic vesicle release

D) Neuronal communication

A

B) Regulating several neurotransmitters

96
Q

which of the following doe monoamine oxidase (MAO) levels NOT relate to?

A) novelty seeking

B) impulsivity

C) aggression

D) happiness

A

D) happiness

97
Q

in those with aggressive tendencies, what would lead to greater hostility and aggressiveness?

A) low levels of norepinephrine

B) high levels of serotonin

C) low levels of serotonin

D) high levels of norepinephrine

A

C) low levels of serotonin

98
Q

some researchers believe that low serotonergic function is directly linked to

A) hostility

B) impulsiveness

C) sensation seeking

D) restraint

A

B) impulsiveness

99
Q

what is the process by which hormones play in resulting in an exterior that looks female?

A) Genetic factors

B) If a genetic male isn’t exposed to androgen at critical points of development

C) Exposure to estrogen at critical points of development

D) Development of secondary sex characteristics

A

B) If a genetic male isn’t exposed to androgen

100
Q

what is the process by which hormones play in resulting in an exterior that looks male?

A) If a genetic female is exposed to testosterone at critical points of development

B) If a genetic male isn’t exposed to androgen at critical points of development

C) Exposure to estrogen

D) Development of secondary sex characteristics

A

A) If a genetic female is exposed to testosterone at critical points of development

101
Q

what does exposure to androgens during normal fetal development do?

A) Feminizes the nervous system

B) Masculinizes the nervous system

C) Has no impact on the nervous system

D) Induces hormonal imbalance

A

B) Masculinizes the nervous system

102
Q

high testosterone tends to lead men into

A) Low-risk behaviors

B) High-risk behaviors

C) Low socioeconomic status (SES) lives

D) High socioeconomic status (SES) lives

A

C) Low socioeconomic status (SES) lives

103
Q

why would high testosterone tends to lead men into lower-SES lives

A) High testosterone has no impact on life choices

B) High testosterone promotes antisocial behavior and disruption of education

C) High testosterone is associated with a preference for lower-SES environments

D) High testosterone is linked to an increased desire for education and career success

A

B) High testosterone promotes antisocial behavior and disruption of education

104
Q

what do levels of testosterone shift in response to

A) Genetic factors

B) Social situations

C) Hormonal therapy

D) Emotional states

A

B) Social situations

105
Q

in terms of studying the fight or flight response in to threat, what did Taylor et al. point out

A) The fight or flight response is only relevant in certain cultures

B) The fight or flight response is not biologically determined

C) Most studies focus on males

D) Most studies focus on females

A

C) Most studies focus on males

106
Q

what have studies found in relation to the behavioural responses that females exhibit in response to threat

A) No gender differences in behavioral responses

B) Behavioral responses are solely determined by genetics

C) Their behavior concerns affiliation with other women

D) They exhibit fight or flight responses

A

C) Their behavior concerns affiliation with other women

107
Q

what phrase is used in terms of behaviour responses which are stronger in females than in males

A) Fight or flight

B) Tend and befriend

C) Freeze or flee

D) Engage or evade

A

B) Tend and befriend

108
Q

what is the evolutionary advantage of tending

A) Reduces certain kinds of risk

B) Protects offspring from harm

C) Isolates from social threats

D) Increases aggression

A

B) Protects offspring from harm

109
Q

what is the evolutionary advantage of befriending

A) Protects offspring from harm

B) Increases the chances of receiving tending from each other when needed

C) Isolation from social threats

D) Increases aggression against other females

A

B) Increases the chances of receiving tending from each other when needed

110
Q

what perspective is the process of attachment often discussed

A) Social cognition

B) Neurological development

C) Caregivers bond to the infant

D) Infants bond to the caregiver

A

D) Infants bond to the caregiver

111
Q

what does the hormone oxytocin act to do?

A) Increase fear and inhibit bonding

B) Reduce fear and enhance mother–infant bonding

C) Have no impact on emotions or social bonding

D) Stimulate aggression and reduce social connections

A

B) Reduce fear and enhance mother–infant bonding

112
Q

what is the role of androgen and estrogen in oxytocin

A) Androgens and estrogen have no impact on oxytocin

B) Androgens inhibit its release under stress, and estrogen increases its effects

C) Estrogen inhibits its release under stress, and androgen increases its effects

D) Oxytocin regulates the release of androgens and estrogen

A

B) Androgens inhibit its release under stress, and estrogen increases its effects

113
Q

what would be used for an indirect indication of brain activity in higher regions of the brain?

A) EEG

B) PET

C) MRI

D) fMRI

A

A) EEG

114
Q

reasoning behind the use of this biological method of assessment is that neurons in the brain fire at various intervals, creating fluctuations in voltage

A) EEG

B) PET

C) MRI

D) fMRI

A

A) EEG

115
Q

what does EEG activity of the cerebral cortex form?

A) patterns that relate to different subjective states

B) a map in which colours represent levels of brain activity

C) slices of different parts of the brain

D)

A

A) patterns that relate to different subjective states

116
Q

what would make it possible to identify a person who’s dominated by incentive motivation or by avoidance motivation by looking at left- versus right-prefrontal activation levels at rest

A) EEG

B) PET

C) MRI

D) fMRI

A

A) EEG

117
Q

what technique derives a picture of brain functioning from metabolic activity

A) EEG

B) PET

C) MRI

D) fMRI

A

B) PET

118
Q

which of the following techniques would computer colour code the intensities of glucose producing a brain map in which colours represent levels of brain activities?

A) EEG

B) PET

C) MRI

D) fMRI

A

B) PET

119
Q

A picture of activity inside the brain based on how separate parts of the brain tissue react to pulses of electromagnetic energy

A) EEG

B) PET

C) MRI

D) fMRI

A

C) MRI

120
Q

which of the following techniques would create images of slices across the brain, as seen from above

A) EEG

B) PET

C) MRI

D) fMRI

A

C) MRI

121
Q

what was MRI used primarily for initially?

A) To study psychological disorders

B) To look for structural problems in the brain

C) To measure neurotransmitter levels

D) To monitor cognitive processes

A

B) to look for structural problems in the brain

122
Q

if you were having blackouts after an auto accident, which of the following techniques would you be asked to undergo?

A) EEG

B) PET

C) MRI

D) fMRI

A

C) MRI

123
Q

which of the following techniques is used to create a picture of activity inside the brain in different mental states.

A) EEG

B) PET

C) MRI

D) fMRI

A

D) fMRI

124
Q

which of the following scenarios would an fMRI be used?

A) Assessing physical injuries to the brain

B) Assessing levels of activation in various brain regions, both at rest and when engaged in tasks

C) Measuring hormone levels in the brain

D) Studying the overall size and structure of the brain

A

B) Assessing levels of activation in various brain regions, both at rest and when engaged in tasks

125
Q

provides a three-dimensional picture means it can show precise locations of increases and decreases in neural activity as a function of what the person is doing

A) EEG

B) PET

C) MRI

D) fMRI

A

D) fMRI

126
Q

anxiety disorders is the easiest disorder to do what?

A)

B) understand the genetic basis of the BAS and BIS systems

C) link the strength and sensitivity of the BAS and BIS systems to learned responses

D)

A

C) link the strength and sensitivity of the BAS and BIS systems to learned responses

127
Q

what is depression tied to?

A) strong BIS

B) weak BIS

C) strong BAS

D) weak BAS

A

D) weak BAS

128
Q

if a person has weak BAS activation, they would most likely

A) have more motivation to avoid risks

B) have little motivation to approach incentives

C) have little motivation to

D) have more motivation to approach incentives

A

B) have little motivation to approach incentives

129
Q

what is the third system in which anxiety and depression has deficits in

A) planfulness versus impulsivity

B) constraint or effortful control

C) impulse versus restraint

D) constraint versus impulsivity

A

B) constraint or effortful control

130
Q

it is argued that people with this personality have an overactive BAS

A) extraverted personality

B) antisocial personality

C) narcissistic personality

D) avoidant personality

A

B) antisocial personality

131
Q

antisocial personality is NOT linked to

A) pursue whatever incentive comes to mind

B) having deficits in the threat system

C) fail to learn from punishment or aren’t motivated to avoid it

D) having deficits in the reward system

A

D) having deficits in the reward system

132
Q

boys with alleles causing low MAO engage in more antisocial behavior

A) show increased empathy and altruism

B) only if they were well-nurtured while growing up

C) only if they were maltreated while growing up

D) were unaffected by environmental factors

A

C) only if they were maltreated while growing up

133
Q

what do high rates of testosterone relate to

A) increased emotional sensitivity

B) violent and antisocial behavior

C) enhanced cognitive abilities

D) reduced assertiveness

A

B) violent and antisocial behavior

134
Q

what is the type of pharmacotherapy used for the treatment of bipolar and manic depression?

A) Aripiprazole

B) Quetiapine

C) Clozapine

D) Lithium

A

D) lithium

135
Q

seeing changes in personality as a function of a slight alteration in brain chemistry from medication raises questions about

A) the stability of personality traits

B) where personality derives

C) the influence of genetics on personality

D) the role of environment in shaping personality

A

A) the stability of personality traits

B) where personality derives

136
Q

what biologically based treatment involves focusing a magnetic field on a specific location in the brain

A) brain ablation

B) transcranial magnetic stimulation

C) track weighted imaging

D) event related potential

A

B) transcranial magnetic stimulation

137
Q

a technique in which temporary disruption of a particular brain area is done by applying a pulsating magnetic field using a stimulating could placed over the person’s skull. - A series of pulses presented to a particular area of the brain for seconds or minutes temporarily interferes with brain functioning in that area.

A) brain ablation

B) track weighted imaging

C) transcranial magnetic stimulation

D) electroconvulsive therapy

A

C) transcranial magnetic stimulation

138
Q

what has transcranial magnetic stimulation been used to do

A) decrease activity in left frontal brain areas

B) increase activity in left frontal brain areas

C) increase activity in right frontal brain areas

D) decrease activity in right frontal brain areas

A

B) increase activity in left frontal brain areas

139
Q

TMS treatment used to increase activity in left frontal brain areas has been identified in research as being involved in

A) sensation seeking behaviour

B) impulsive behaviour

C) approach behaviour

D) avoidance behaviour

A

C) approach behaviour

140
Q

TMS treatment to reduce activity in the right frontal areas of the brain has been identified in research as being involved in

A) sensation seeking behaviour

B) impulsive behaviour

C) approach behaviour

D) avoidance behaviour

A

D) avoidance behaviour

141
Q

what do many believe about what the eventual use of TMS will be

A) that it will replace traditional forms of therapy

B) that it will be ineffective in treating any problems

C) that it will exclusively focus on neurological disorders

D) that it will be a key tool in the treatment of a wide range of problems

A

D) that it will be a key tool in the treatment of a wide range of problems

142
Q

why is personality from a biological view somewhat fragmented?

A) due to the dominance of environmental factors in shaping personality

B) theories about how the nervous system and hormones influence behavior rely on knowledge from other sciences

C) because biological perspectives ignore psychological and social influences

D) as personality is solely determined by genetic factors

A

B) theories about how the nervous system and hormones influence behavior rely on knowledge from other sciences

Personality Psychology (34 decks)

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