17 Digestive (Lecture) 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Ingestion
A
Intake of food and water but also the drive to eat
2
Q
digestion
A
breakdown of food and nutrients
3
Q
Mechanical digestion
A
muscle action chewing and stomach muscles
4
Q
Chemical digestion
A
enzymes that break down food
5
Q
Absorption
A
movement of nutrients into the blood
6
Q
Secretion 7 liters per day
A
saliva, stomach acid, enzymes, bile, mucus
7
Q
Excretion
A
elimination of waste products
8
Q
Motility (1-2 days)
A
muscle action of digestive tract
9
Q
How many days for food to pass
A
1-2
10
Q
*Alimentary Canal
A
mouth to anus
11
Q
*GI tract
A
stomach to anus
12
Q
*Digestive organs
A
segments of digestive tract
13
Q
*Accessory digestive organs
A
salivary glands, pancrease, liver, gallbladder
14
Q
Enteric Nervous System
A
part of the ANS that controls the digestive tract
15
Q
*Visceral Motor
A
Parasympathetic increases digestion (rest and digest)
Sympathetic decreases digestion (fight or flight)
16
Q
Visceral sensory
A
usually not conscious of
17
Q
Peritoneal membranes
A
parietal and visceral
18
Q
Parietal
A
attaches to abdominal wall
19
Q
Visceral
A
attaches to outside of digestive tract
20
Q
Mesenteries
A
membranes that hold the intestines in position
21
Q
*Mesentery proper
A
holds small intestines in place
22
Q
*Mesocolon
A
holds large intestines inplace
23
Q
*Greater omentum
A
begins at stomach drapes down over abdomen, then it projects all the way back up again connects to large bowel.
24
Q
*Lesser omentum
A
mesentary between stomach and liver
25
Layers esophagus through large intestines
Mucosa, sub-mucosa, muscularis, and serosa
26
Mucosa
Epithelium- columnar
Lamina propria- contains many capillaries that absorb nutrients
Muscularis mucosa-a layer of smooth muscle
27
Sub-Mucosa
a bunch of elastic connective tissue
| Sub-mucosal plexus - mostly visceral sensory nerves
28
Muscularis
thick layer of smooth muscle that control motility
| Myenteric plexus- all ANS motor nerves
29
Serosa
another name for visceral peritonial membranes
30
Mastication
chewing
31
Dentition
full set of teeth
32
Decidous (primary) dentition
Child 20 teeth
33
Dental succession
baby teeth fall out, adult teeth come in
34
Permanent (secondary) dentition
Adult 32 teeth
35
Incisors
front blade teeth 1 root 0 cusps
36
Cuspids
only found in carnavores used for piercing meat 1 root 1 cusp
37
Bicuspids
grinding teeth 2 root 2 cusps
38
Molars
grinding teeth 3-5 roots multiple cusps
39
Quadrants of teeth
4 quad top bottom L R
40
Each adult quad has how many teeth
8 2Incisor 1Cuspid 2Bicuspid 3Molar
41
Each child quad has how many teeth
5 1Incisor 1Cuspid 2Molar
42
Palatoglossal Arch
1st arch anterior boarder between oral cavity and throat
43
Palatopharyngeal Arch
posterior arch touch this with finger and you will puke
44
Fauces
narrowest portion of pharnyx
45
Deglutination
swallowing reflex
46
Common passage way
for food and air
47
Esophagus
is a tube that connects the throat to the stomach
48
UES
upper esophageal sphincter 1 of 6 sphincters
49
Hiatus
opening in the diaphram for esophagus
50
LES
lower esphageal sphinter cardiac sphincter 2 of 6 sphincters. Gaurds entrance to stomach
51
Mechanical digestion
muscles in the stomach
52
Chemical digestion
the action of pepsin
53
Chyme
food, saliva, stomach acid, enzymes
54
Secretion of intrinsic factor
Absorbtion of vitamin B-12
55
stomach defends how
acid
56
Cardia
entryway into the stomach
57
Z line
boarder between esophagus and stomach
58
Fundus
upper dome shaped portion
59
Body of the Stomach
verticle part this is where most of the acid comes from
60
Pylorus
horizontal part where acid secretion stops. Does secret pepsin
61
Pyloric antrum
wedge before pyloric canal
62
Pyloric canal
where stomach narrows
63
Pyloric valve
3 of 6 sphincters
64
Lesser curvature
superior curve
65
Greater curvature
inferior curve
66
Rugae
ridges that allow the stomach to expand and contract
67
*Gastric Pits are comprised of
Parietal cells, Cheif cells, Goblet cells, G cells
68
*Parietal cells
acid making cells also secrete intrinsic factor
69
*Cheif cells
cells that make pepsin
70
*Goblet cells
mucus making cells
71
*G cells
gastrin making cells
72
Small intestines
20 - 32 feet
73
Duodenum
about 10 inches long wraps round the pancrease Duodenum recieves digestive enzymes from pancrease
74
CCK
choleoystoskinin-a hormone that is secreted by cells in the duodenum and stimulates the release of bile into the intestine and the secretion of enzymes by the pancreas.
75
Secretin
a hormone released into the bloodstream by the duodenum (esp. in response to acidity) to stimulate secretion by the liver and pancreas.
76
*Jejunum
where absorption of nutrients begins
77
*80% of absorption...
occurs by difusion
78
*Plicaie
visable ridges inside small intestine they increase the surface area
79
*Villi
are microscopic projections on the plicae
80
*Blood capillary
absorbs 3 of the 4 organic compounds protien carbs and nucleic acids
81
*Lacteal
lymph capillary absorbs lipids
82
*Microvilli
projections of the cell membranes also increase surface area
83
*Intestinal crypts
projections into the wall of the small intestine location of stem cells
84
*Illeum
is redundant
85
Where does water absorption take place
large intestines
86
Large intestines
store and eliminate indigestible material.
87
when does chyme become feces
when it enters the large intestines
88
What type of relationship do humans and bacteria have
symbiotic
89
E. Coli
break down hard to digest material and release nutrients
90
Vitamin K produced in large intestine
is essential for immune and clotting
91
Haustra
sak like structures visable on the outside to the large bowel
92
Teniae coli
3 small ribbons of smooth muscle
93
Omental appencices
globs of fat on large intestine
94
Colon does not include
cecum or rectum
95
Parts of Large intestine in order
appendix, ileocecal valve, cecum, ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum
96
rectum is..
normally empty
97
when we feel the need to poop
poop is in the rectum
98
Anal canal
is an inch long
99
Anorectal flexure
90 degree curve
100
Anal columns
allow the anal canal to expand
101
*Pectinate line
at end of anal columns transitional zone from mucous membrane to cutaneous memebrane
102
External anal sphincter
we have control over
103
Internal anal sphincter
only relaxes as part of defication reflex
104
The gall bladder
stores bile it does not make bile
105
bile is made
by the liver
106
bile
helps digest lipids
107
Cystic duct
connects directly to the gallbladder
108
Hepatic duct
connects to the liver
109
Common bile duct
connects to duodenum
110
The pancrease
exocrine and endocrine
111
Exocrine function of pancrease
secrets into a duct
112
Endocrine function of the pancrease
are the pancreatic islet (islets of langerhorns)
113
pancreatic acini
the cells that make digestive enzyme (exocrine)
114
main pancreatic duct
travels through the duodenum (exocrine)
115
Hepatopancreatic sphincter
small sphincter in duodenal entrance (exocrine)
116
Glucagon
stimulates liver to release stored glucose between meals (endocrine)
117
Insulin
signals cells to absorb glucose (endocrine)
118
Head of pancrease
the small intestine wraps around the head of the pancrease
119
Body of the pancrease
the body of the pancreases projects to the left side
120
Tail of the pancrease
where pancrease narrow to a point
121
Falciform ligament
attaches liver to diaphram
122
liver has lobes
2 large upper 2 small lower
123
Hepatic portal system
a vein that brings blood from intestiens to liver
124
Biliary tree
ducts that transport bile
125
Lobules
microscopic lobes
126
*Portal triad
consist of bile duct a hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein
127
Hepatocytes
liver cells that process blood
128
Liver functions
Bile production, Metabolic regulation, Hematologic regulation, Detoxification
129
Metabolic regualtion
stores glucose in a form called glycogen. chain of glucose molecules. glucagon release signal to chop off glycogen.
130
Excess carbs and protiens are
stored as fat
131
Hematologic regulation
the liver stores RBC's that is why it is burgandy
| liver makes clotting factors
132
Detoxification
liver deactivates toxins
133
Gastic ulcers
due to infections primarily
134
Duodenal ulcers
due to stomach acid are far more common
