2S [LEC]: Endocrinology 2 [hypothalamus & thyroid] Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
Hormones that can increase prolactin production
A
Thyroid-releasing hormone
Prolactin-releasing hormone
2
Q
A small region in the brain that plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating various bodily functions through its control over the endocrine system and autonomic nervous system
A
Hypothalamus
3
Q
The “master gland”
A
Pituitary gland
4
Q
This hormone is released in the blood and circulates to the hypothalamus and pituitary to suppress further TRH and TSH production
A
Thyroxine
5
Q
Other name for growth hormone
A
Somatotropin
6
Q
A hormone that is structurally related to prolactin and human placental lactogen
A
Growth hormone
7
Q
Growth hormone is classified as a ___ hormone
A
Trophic
8
Q
The tropic function of the growth hormone is that it acts on the liver to produce ___
A
Insulin-like growth factor 1/ Somatomedin C
9
Q
Hormone that regulates the somatotropin
A
Somatostatin
10
Q
An inhibitory hormone produced both in the hypothalamus and pancreas, regulating somatotropin and TSH
A
Somatostatin
11
Q
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a crucial role in reproductive health by stimulating the growth and development of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production
A
Follicle-stimulating hormone
12
Q
Processes in the body that regulate hormone secretion
A
Feedback Mechanisms
13
Q
“Controlled Defiance”
A
Negative feedback loop
14
Q
“Controlled Amplification”
A
Positive feedback loop
15
Q
A feedback loop that regulates thyroid hormone production through interactions between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid gland
A
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
16
Q
The natural process by which a pregnant mammal gives birth, involving the contractions of the uterus to expel the fetus and placenta
A
Parturition
17
Q
Hormone responsible for parturition
A
Prolactin
18
Q
Type of feedback mechanism:
Feedback from hormones produced in the pituitary target glands on the hypothalamus
A
Long feedback mechanism
19
Q
Type of feedback mechanism:
Feedback of hormones at the level of the pituitary gland
A
Short feedback mechanism
20
Q
Type of feedback mechanism:
Feedback between the pituitary and hypothalamus
A
Ultrashort feedback mechanism
21
Q
Precursor of ACTH and melanocyte-stimulating hormone, playing roles in stress response, pigmentation, and energy balance
A
Proopiomelanocortin
22
Q
FSH is produced in the ___
A
Anterior pituitary gland
23
Q
A hormone pivotal in both male and female reproductive systems, where it stimulates testosterone production in the testes of males and triggers ovulation and progesterone secretion in females
A
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
24
Q
Growth hormone is produced in the ___
A
Anterior pituitary gland
25
Effect of sleep on growth hormone production
Increase
26
Effect of exercise on growth hormone production
Increase
27
Effect of fasting on growth hormone production
Increase
28
Effect of hyperglycemia on growth hormone production
Decrease
29
Effect of increased somatomedin C on growth hormone production
Decrease
30
Effect of insulin deficiency on growth hormone production
Decrease
31
FSH acts on the ___ for sperm production
Seminiferous tubule
32
Hormone that acts on ovarian follicle to produce estrogen and progesterone and Leydig cells for testosterone production
Luteinizing hormone
33
The ___ produces testosterone as a response to LH
Leydig cells
34
ACTH is ___ in the morning
High
35
Hormone produced in the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates adrenal glands to release cortisol, in response to stress and low blood glucose levels
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
36
In ACTH determination, which tube is preferred?
Plastic tube (ACTH adheres to glass surfaces)
37
Effect of glass tube in ACTH determination
False decrease
38
Transportation consideration of an ACTH specimen
Chilled in an EDTA anticoagulant
39
Cushing's syndrome is classified as ___ hypercortisolism
Primary
40
Cushing's disease is classified as ___ hypercortisolism
Secondary
41
Classify the hypercortisolism:
Increased cortisol
Decreased ACTH
Decreased Corticotropin releasing hormone
Primary
42
Classify the hypercortisolism:
Increased cortisol
Increased ACTH
Decreased Corticotropin releasing hormone
Secondary
43
Classify the hypercortisolism:
Increased cortisol
Increased ACTH
Increased Corticotropin releasing hormone
Tertiary
44
Early stage of hyperthyroidism with normal T3 and T4 but decreased TSH
Subclinical hyperthyroidism
45
Grave's disease is classified as ___ hyperthyroidism
Primary
46
Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates milk production in the mammary glands of mammals, typically rising during pregnancy and breastfeeding, promoting lactation
Prolactin
47
Major inhibitor of prolactin
Dopamine
48
T/F: Excess prolactin can cause hypergonadism
False (it causes hypogonadism)
49
Feedback hormone for growth hormone
Somatomedin C
50
Feedback hormone for FSH
Inhibin
51
Feedback hormone for ACTH
Cortisol
52
Feedback hormone for TSH
T3/ T4
53
Feedback hormone for prolactin
Unknown
54
Target gland of FSH and LH
Gonads
55
Target gland of ACTH
Adrenal cortex
56
Target gland of TSH
Thyroid
57
Target gland of prolactin
Breast
58
A neuroendocrine reflex, a self-sustaining cycle of uterine contractions, initiated by pressure on the cervix or vaginal walls, leading to the release of oxytocin and further contractions, ultimately aiding in childbirth
Ferguson reflex
59
A hormone that maintains osmotic homeostasis by regulating water balance
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) or Pitressin
60
A potent stimuli to ADH release
Emetic (dehydration)
61
Inhibitors of ADH release
Ethanol, cortisol
62
A medical condition characterized by inadequate production of growth hormone by the pituitary gland, leading to impaired growth and development in children and metabolic abnormalities in adults
Growth hormone deficiency
63
Most common cause of growth hormone deficiency
GHRH gene mutation
64
Hyposecretion of GH during growth years
Dwarfism
65
Type of dwarfism that is due to genetic cause and results to abnormal bone growth
Disproportionate dwarfism
66
Type of dwarfism caused by metabolic abnormalities
Proportionate dwarfism
67
Most common type of disproportionate dwarfism
Achrondoplasia
68
Tallest among the dwarfism cases
Hypoachondroplasia
69
Most rare case of dwarfism wherein the abnormality is present in the fetal stage
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita (SEDC)
70
Most disabling dwarfism case, causing limb deformity
Diastrophic dysplasia
71
This condition results from overproduction of growth hormone by the pituitary gland, often due to a tumor
GH Excess
72
Most common cause of GH excess
Pituitary tumor
73
Aside from pituitary tumor, this is also a cause of GH excess, which increases the risk of an individual to develop pituitary adenoma
AIP (aryl hydrocarbon receptor [AhR] interaction protein) gene mutation
74
Hypersecretion of GH during childhood
Gigantism
75
Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood
Acromegaly
76
Characterized by coarse facial features, spade like hands, protruding jaw
Acromegaly
77
T/F: Acromegaly can cause impaired glucose tolerance or DM
True
78
A pituitary tumor that directly secretes prolactin, and it represents the most common type of pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma
79
Can cause galactorrhea, amenorrhea, and impotance
Prolactinoma
80
An excessive secretion of ACTH, causing round, puffy face, buffalo hump, and abnormal obesity with thin limbs
Cushing's disease
81
Level of aldosterone in Cushing's disease
Decreased
82
Level of renin in Cushing's disease
Decreased
83
Level of cortisol in Cushing's disease
Increased
84
Best time to collect specimen for cortisol determination
Morning
85
Postpartum hypopituitarism caused by necrosis of the pituitary gland
Sheehan's syndrome
86
Hypopituitarism caused by severe hypotension or shock caused by massive hemorrhage during or after delivery
Sheehan's syndrome
87
Osmolality that secretes ADH, indicating dehyration
>295 mOsm/kg
88
Osmolality that suppresses the secretion of ADH, indicating hydrated state
<284 mOsm/kg
89
A type of diabetes insipidus wherein there is a faulty thirst hypothalamic mechanism, causing excessive water intake
Primary polydipsia/ Dipsogenic DI/ Psychogenic polydipsia
90
DI caused by enzymatic breakdown of the endogenous AVP by a placental cysteine aminopeptidase
Gestational DI
91
Specific gravity of urine in DI
<1.002
92
A primary polydipsia wherein the setpoint for ADH secretion is normal, but a resetting of the thirst threshold occurs so that it is now below the threshold for ADH secretion
Dipsogenic DI
93
A primary polydipsia wherein the osmostat for ADH secretion is normal
Psychogenic polydipsia
94
A gland positioned lower anterior neck and shaped like a butterfly
Thyroid gland
95
The thyroid gland rests on the trachea and is bridged by the ___
Isthmus
96
Structural unit of thyroid gland
Follicle
97
Cells in the thyroid gland producing T3 and T4
Follicular cells
98
Follicular cells are made up of ___
Colloid cells
99
Colloid cells are made up of ___
Thyroglobulin
100
The gelatinous, PAS-positive material in the thyroid gland
Colloid cells
101
Parafollicular cells are also called ___
C cells
102
Hormone secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
Calcitonin
103
Hormone that suppresses calcium release
Calcitonin
104
These hormones influence nearly every organ system, impacting processes ranging from heart rate and body temperature to digestion and energy expenditure
Thyroid hormones
105
The amino acid precursor of thyroid hormones
Tyrosine
106
The iodination of tyrosine is done by which enzyme?
Thyroid peroxidase
107
Components of the T3
1 monoiodothyrosine
1 diiodothyrosine
108
Components of the T4
2 diiodothyrosine
109
This hormone signals the follicular cells to ingest a microscopic droplet of colloid by endocytosis
TSH/ Thyrotropin
110
The primary cause of hypothyroidism used to be ___
Iodine deficiency
111
The principal secretory product of thyroid hormone
T4
112
The prehormone for T3 production
T4
113
The metabolically active thyroid hormone
T3
114
The major product of the tissue deiodination of T4
T3
115
The better thyroid hormone that indicates recovery from hyperthyroidism
T3
116
How many percent of the T3 is the product of the deiodination of T4?
80%
117
The difference between T3 and rT3 is that the deiodination occurs in the ___ in T3 and ___ in rT3
T3: Outer ring
rT3: Inner ring
118
Biologically inactive form of thyroid hormone
rT3
119
3rd major circulating thyroid hormone
rT3
120
The enzyme responsible in the removal of iodine from T4 for it to be converted into T3
Iodothyronine 5-deiodinase (type 1 & type 2)
121
The more abundant iodothyronine 5-deiodinase type
Type 1
122
The source of type 1 iodothyronine 5-deiodinase
Kidneys
Liver
123
Source of type 2 iodothyronine 5-deiodinase
Brain
Pituitary gland
124
How many percent of T3 are unbound to proteins?
0.4%
125
How many percent of T4 are unbound to proteins?
0.04%
126
Carrier molecules in the bloodstream that transport thyroid hormones, ensuring their stability and distribution throughout the body
Major binding protein
127
The major transporter protein of thyroid hormones
Thyroxine binding globulin (TGB)
128
A condition characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormones, typically resulting from an overactive thyroid gland
Hyperthyroidism
129
Grave's disease causes hyperthyroidism due to the production of autoantibodies called ___
Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs)
130
These antibodies mimic the action of TSH and bind to the receptor on thyroid follicular cells
Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs)
131
Most common case of thyrotoxicosis
Grave's disease
132
Symptoms may include weight loss, rapid heart rate, anxiety, tremors, and heat intolerance
Hyperthyroidism
133
A condition marked by an underactive thyroid gland, resulting in insufficient production of thyroid hormones
Hypothyroidism
134
Symptoms may include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, and constipation
Hypothyroidism
135
Most common case of hypothyroidism
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
136
Antibodies that may be present in Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Anti-thyroid peroxidase
Anti-thyroglobulin
137
A glycoprotein produced by the thyroid gland that is an essential in T3 and T4 production
Thyroglobulin
138
Most common case of thyroiditis, causing leakage of thyroid hormone and resulting to hypothyroidism
Postpartum thyroiditis
139
An anti-arrhythmic medication medication that has a high iodine content, inhibiting thyroid hormone release and therefore causing hypothyroidism to patients
Amiodarone
140
The phenomenon where high iodine content inhibits the release of thyroid hormone release as part of the negative feedback mechanism
Wolff-Chaikoff effect
141
Test that can differentiate hyperthyroidism from nonhyperthyroidism
Radioactive iodine uptake
142
Radioactive iodine uptake is ___ in hyperthyroidism
High
143
Radioactive iodine uptake is ___ in nonhyperthyroidism
Low
144
Test that differentiates thyroiditis from exogenous causes of nonhyperthyroidism
Thyroglobulin level
145
Thyroglobulin level is ___ in thyroiditis
High
146
Thyroglobulin level is ___ in exogenous causes
Low
147
Thyroglobulin level is ___ in ectopic causes
High
148
Hyperthyroidism cause that will present normal TSH level
TSH-secreting tumor
