3S [LEC]: Toxicology Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
The study of adverse effects of xenobiotics in humans
A
Toxicology
2
Q
Identify the major discipline of toxicology:
Elucidates cellular, molecular, and biochemical effects of toxins
A
Mechanistic toxicology
3
Q
Identify the major discipline of toxicology:
Basis for rational therapy design and development of laboratory tests to assess the degree of exposure in individuals
A
Mechanistic toxicology
4
Q
Identify the major discipline of toxicology:
Dose-response relationship
A
Mechanistic toxicology
5
Q
Identify the major discipline of toxicology:
Uses results of animal experiments to predict what level of exposure will cause harm in humans
A
Descriptive toxicology
6
Q
Identify the major discipline of toxicology:
Also known as risk assessment
A
Descriptive toxicology
7
Q
Identify the major discipline of toxicology:
Uses data from mechanistic and descriptive to establish standards regarding acceptable levels of exposure
A
Regulatory toxicology
8
Q
Identify the specialty in toxicology:
Focuses on the medical and legal consequences of exposure
A
Forensic toxicology
9
Q
Identify the specialty in toxicology:
Aims to establish and validate test methods for cause of death
A
Forensic toxicology
10
Q
Identify the specialty in toxicology:
Focuses on the interrelationships between xenobiotics and disease states
A
Clinical toxicology
11
Q
Identify the specialty in toxicology:
For diagnostic testing and therapeutic intervention
A
Clinical toxicology
12
Q
Identify the specialty in toxicology:
Focuses on the evaluation of environmental chemical pollutants and their impact on human health
A
Environmental toxicology
13
Q
Identify the specialty in toxicology:
Mechanism of action, adverse effects, occupational health
A
Environmental toxicology
14
Q
Exogenous agents that may have an adverse effect on a living organism
A
Xenobiotics
15
Q
Has an adverse effect on biological system; used in describing animal, plant, mineral, or gas poisons
A
Poison
16
Q
Substances that are biologically synthesized in living cells or microorganisms
A
Toxin
17
Q
Substances that are not produced within a living cell or microorganisms and used to describe environmental chemicals
A
Toxicant
18
Q
Any substance that causes a harmful effect on exposure
A
Poison
19
Q
Usually associated with a single, short-term exposure to a substance, the dose of which is sufficient to cause immediate toxic effects
A
Acute toxicity
20
Q
Usually associated with repeated frequent exposure for extended periods, at doses that are insufficient to cause an immediate acute response
A
Chronic toxicity
21
Q
What will be the lethal oral dose in an average adult that is classified as supertoxic?
A
<5 mg/kg
22
Q
What will be the lethal oral dose in an average adult that is classified as extremely toxic?
A
5-50 mg/kg
23
Q
What will be the lethal oral dose in an average adult that is classified as very toxic?
A
50-500 mg/kg
24
Q
What will be the lethal oral dose in an average adult that is classified as moderately toxic?
A
0.5-5 g/kg
25
What will be the lethal oral dose in an average adult that is classified as slightly toxic?
5-15 g/kg
26
What will be the lethal oral dose in an average adult that is classified as practically nontoxic?
>5 g/kg
27
Most common route of exposure to poisons
Ingestion
28
Most common route of absorption of poisons in the GI tract
Diffusion
29
Among
*Hydrophobic substances
*Ionized substances
*Weak acids
*Weak bases
Which will not be absorbed in the GI tract?
Ionized substances
30
According to statistics, how many percent of cases is due to intentional suicide attempts?
50%
31
According to statistics, how many percent of cases is due to accidental exposure?
30%
32
A comparison of responses to a therapeutic drug over a range of doses
Dose-Response relationship
33
Effective or have a therapeutic benefit in 50% of the population
ED50
34
Produces a toxic response to 50% of the population
TD50
35
Dose of the drug in which 50% of individuals will result in morbidity
LD50
36
What is the relationship between the therapeutic index and the toxic adverse effect?
Inversely proportional
37
Most prevalent drug
Alcohol (58%)
38
Most common drug of abuse
Marijuana (16%)
39
Gold standard for the quantification of organic compounds
GC-MS
40
Potential replacement of immunoassay in screening organic compounds
LC-MS/MS
41
Quantification technique for inorganic compounds
ICP-MS (inductively couple plasma-MS) or AA (atomic absorption)
42
Considered the most powerful analgesic known to man
Morphine
43
Chemically derived from Papaver somniferum
Opiates
44
T/F: Morphine is a metabolite of heroin
True
45
Which of the following is not an effect of opiates?
i. Analgesia
ii. Antidepressant
iii. Sedation
iv. Anesthesia
ii
46
An opiate antagonist
Naloxone
47
T/F: Opiates cause respiratory alkalosis
False
48
Drug of abuse the mainly causes cardiac damage and cardiopulmonary failure
Opiates
49
Identify if the opiate is naturally occurring, chemically modified, or common synthetic:
Opium
Naturally occurring
50
Identify if the opiate is naturally occurring, chemically modified, or common synthetic:
Morphine
Naturally occurring
51
Identify if the opiate is naturally occurring, chemically modified, or common synthetic:
Codeine
Naturally occurring
52
Identify if the opiate is naturally occurring, chemically modified, or common synthetic:
Heroin
Chemically modified
53
Identify if the opiate is naturally occurring, chemically modified, or common synthetic:
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
Chemically modified
54
Identify if the opiate is naturally occurring, chemically modified, or common synthetic:
Oxycodone (Percodan)
Chemically modified
55
Identify if the opiate is naturally occurring, chemically modified, or common synthetic:
Meperidine (Demerol)
Common synthetic
56
Identify if the opiate is naturally occurring, chemically modified, or common synthetic:
Methadone (Dolophine)
Common synthetic
57
Identify if the opiate is naturally occurring, chemically modified, or common synthetic:
Propoxyphene (Darvon)
Common synthetic
58
Identify if the opiate is naturally occurring, chemically modified, or common synthetic:
Pentazocine (Talwin)
Common synthetic
59
Identify if the opiate is naturally occurring, chemically modified, or common synthetic:
Fentanyl (Sublimaze)
Common synthetic
60
Minor tranquilizers that induce the secretion of GABA
Diazepam (Valium)
61
The only long-acting barbiturate that can be detected within 30 days of exposure
Phenobarbital
62
Originally introduced as sleep inducers
Barbiturates
63
Commonly abused as "downers"
Barbiturates
64
Intermediate-acting barbiturate
Amobarbital
65
Short-acting barbiturate
Pentobarbital
66
Ultra-short-acting barbiturate
Thiopental
67
Most common transquilizer
Benzodiazepine
68
Urinary metabolite of barbiturates
Secobarbital
69
Screening method for secobarbital
Immunoassay
70
Date rape drug
Valium (Diazepam)
71
An anxiolytic and anticonvulsant that depresses CNS and causes anterograde amnesia
Benzodiazepines
72
Treatment for benzodiazepine overdose
Flumazenil
73
Identify if the half life of the benzodiazepine is short, medium, or long:
Midazolam
Short
74
Identify if the half life of the benzodiazepine is short, medium, or long:
Diazepam
Medium
75
Identify if the half life of the benzodiazepine is short, medium, or long:
Clonazepam
Long
76
An effective local anesthetic and potent CNS stimulator
Cocaine
77
Used to treat nacrolepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Amphetamine
Metamphetamine
78
Isomers of amphetamine are usually occurring in which plant genus?
Ephedra
79
a- and B- adrenergic receptor
Ephedrine
80
Most potent component or the psychoactive substance in marijuana
THC
81
Used in pediatric surgical procedures
i. Opiates
ii. Ketamine
iii. Phencyclidine
iv. THC
ii
82
Used in veterinary medicine
i. Opiates
ii. Ketamine
iii. Phencyclidine
iv. THC
ii, iii
83
Causes an individual to be awake but incapacitated
i. Opiates
ii. Ketamine
iii. Phencyclidine
iv. THC
ii, iii
84
"Angel dust"
i. Opiates
ii. Ketamine
iii. Phencyclidine
iv. THC
iii
85
Adverse effect include agitation, hostility, and paranoia
i. Opiates
ii. Ketamine
iii. Phencyclidine
iv. THC
iii
86
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is structurally similar to which hormone?
Serotonin
87
Psychedelic ergot alkaloid from the fungus, Claviceps purpura
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
88
T/F: Urine detection is difficult in detecting lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
True
89
Overdose of this drug of abuse is not associated with specific physiologic toxic outcomes
THC
90
Urine metabolite of THC
11-nor-THC-COOH
91
Immunoassay for ___ is the screening test for THC
THC-9-carboxylic acid
92
"Magic mushroom"
Psilocin
93
Used as anti-helminthic
Piperazines
94
Chemically related to testosterone and increases muscle mass and can improve athletic performance
Anabolic steroid
95
Screening method for anabolic steroid is the ratio of ___ to ___
Testosterone to epitestosterone
96
Urinary metabolite of cocaine
Benzoylecgonine
97
Specimen tested for trace metals with absorption spectroscopy for decades
Hair
98
Testing of this specimen may last days or weeks
Sweat
99
Chemistry test that increases before the onset of pathologic consequences of ethanol abuse
GGT
100
An AST/ALT ratio of ___ is highly specific for ethanol-related liver disease
>2.0
101
A high value of this chemistry test in serum sample is specific for ethanol consumption
HDL
102
Hematologic index that is commonly increased in excessive ethanol consumption
MCV
103
A common solvent that can cause severe acidosis, leading to death and blindness
i. Methanol
ii. Ethanol
iii. Isopropanol
iv. Ethylene glycol
i
104
Causes severe acute-phase ethanol-like symptoms
i. Methanol
ii. Ethanol
iii. Isopropanol
iv. Ethylene glycol
iii
105
A component of hydraulic fluid and antifreeze that can cause severe metabolic acidosis and renal tubular damage
i. Methanol
ii. Ethanol
iii. Isopropanol
iv. Ethylene glycol
iv
106
Results to the conversion of ADH to formaldehyde, then to formic acid
i. Methanol
ii. Ethanol
iii. Isopropanol
iv. Ethylene glycol
i
107
Results to the conversion of ADH to acetone
i. Methanol
ii. Ethanol
iii. Isopropanol
iv. Ethylene glycol
iii
108
Results to the conversion of ADH to oxalic acid and glycolic acid
i. Methanol
ii. Ethanol
iii. Isopropanol
iv. Ethylene glycol
iv
109
Ingestion is common in children due to its sweet taste
i. Methanol
ii. Ethanol
iii. Isopropanol
iv. Ethylene glycol
iv
110
Causes a deposition of calcium oxalate crystals, followed by renal tubular damage
i. Methanol
ii. Ethanol
iii. Isopropanol
iv. Ethylene glycol
iv
111
Sealed specimen for ethanol determination can be refrigerated or stored at room temperature for how long?
14 days
112
Preservative for nonsterile tubes for ethanol determination specimen
Sodium fluoride
113
Serum osmolality increases by approximately 10 mOsm/kg for each ___ increase in serum ethanol
60 mg/dL
114
Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that decreases RBC's affinity to oxygen
Carbon monoxide
115
A ___ shift is expected in carboxyhemoglobin
Left shift
116
Appearance of blood in patients with carboxyhemoglobin
Cherry red color
117
Most common method of carbon monoxide detection
Differential spectrophotometry
118
A carbon monoxide detection method that uses 40% NaOH
Spot test: (+) Pink solution
119
A reagent that releases carbon monoxide from hemoglobin
Potassium ferricyanide
120
Most abundant pesticide
Organophosphates
121
Mechanism of action of organosphosphates and carbamates
Inhibits acetylcholinesterase
122
Phosphorylation of the serine hydroxyl group and subsequent hydrolysis
i. Organophosphates
ii. Carbamates
iii. Halogenated hydrocarbons
i
123
Inhibition of enzyme activity through carbamylation
i. Organophosphates
ii. Carbamates
iii. Halogenated hydrocarbons
ii
124
Mode of administration of caustic agents that causes the greatest hazard
Aspiration
125
T/F: Strong acids cause liquefaction necrosis, while strong alkali cause coagulation necrosis
False (strong acid: coagulation necrosis, strong alkali: liquefaction necrosis)
126
Supertoxic substance
Cyanide
127
Used as a pyrolysis product from burning of some plastics
Cyanide
128
Method of determination for acute cyanide poisoning
ISE, photometric analysis
129
Method of determination for chronic cyanide poisoning
Urinary thiocyanate
130
Chemistry test increased in cyanide poisoning
Blood lactic level (increased)
131
Has both metallic and nonmetallic properties
i. Arsenic
ii. Cadmium
iii. Lead
iv. Mercury
i
132
Natural sources are volcanoes and weathering of minerals
i. Arsenic
ii. Cadmium
iii. Lead
iv. Mercury
i
133
Organic forms are found in fish and seafoods, while organic foods are found in rocks and soils
i. Arsenic
ii. Cadmium
iii. Lead
iv. Mercury
i
134
Organic forms of arsenic
i. Arsenocholine
ii. Trivalent & Pentavalent
iii. Monomethylarsonic acid
iv. Arsenobetaine
i, iv
135
Specimen of choice for arsenic poisoning
Urine
136
Causes meese lines 2 weeks after exposure
i. Arsenic
ii. Cadmium
iii. Lead
iv. Mercury
i
137
Acute exposure causes rice water diarrhea
i. Arsenic
ii. Cadmium
iii. Lead
iv. Mercury
i
138
Chronic exposure causes blackfoot disease that lead to gangrene
i. Arsenic
ii. Cadmium
iii. Lead
iv. Mercury
i
139
Chronic exposure causes socks and glove neuropathy
i. Arsenic
ii. Cadmium
iii. Lead
iv. Mercury
i
140
Soft, bluish-white metal, which is easily cut with a knife
i. Arsenic
ii. Cadmium
iii. Lead
iv. Mercury
ii
141
Used for pigments and batteries, smoke and tobacco
i. Arsenic
ii. Cadmium
iii. Lead
iv. Mercury
ii
142
Used in electroplating and galvanizing
i. Arsenic
ii. Cadmium
iii. Lead
iv. Mercury
ii
143
In blood, cadmium is found mostly in ___
RBCs
144
High amounts may lead to rapid onset with severe nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
i. Arsenic
ii. Cadmium
iii. Lead
iv. Mercury
ii
145
Severe osteomalacia and osteoporosis from long-term consumption of cadmium-contaminated rice
Itai-itai disease
146
Itai-itai disease is caused by exposure to:
i. Arsenic
ii. Cadmium
iii. Lead
iv. Mercury
ii
147
Soft, bluish-white element that is used in the production of batteries and plays no role in human physiology
i. Arsenic
ii. Cadmium
iii. Lead
iv. Mercury
iii
148
Absorption efficiency of lead is 30-40% through ___
Inhalation
149
A preferred method of analysis for lead poisoning
ICP-MS
150
Lead metabolite that is highly sensitive and specific indicator of lead toxicity
Urinary aminolevulinic acid
151
Causes basophilic stippling in erythrocytes
i. Arsenic
ii. Cadmium
iii. Lead
iv. Mercury
iii
152
Specimen used to determine the total body burden from lead poisoning
Whole blood
153
Specimen used to determine recent exposure to lead
Urine
154
Mercury is also known as ___
Quicksilver
155
Mercury form that can be ingested without significant effects
Elemental mercury (Hg0)
156
Mercury form that is moderately toxic
Cationic mercury
157
Mercury form that is extremely toxic
Organic mercury (methylmercury)
158
Attacks CNS before symptoms persist
i. Arsenic
ii. Cadmium
iii. Lead
iv. Mercury
iv
159
Associated with thimerosal/ merthiolate
i. Arsenic
ii. Cadmium
iii. Lead
iv. Mercury
iv
160
Toxicity is through reaction with MSH
i. Arsenic
ii. Cadmium
iii. Lead
iv. Mercury
iv
161
Half life of mercury in the blood
5 days
162
Half life of mercury in the urine
90 days
163
Organ that accumulates mercury the most
Kidney
164
Results in diminution of judgment and motor performance
i. Methanol
ii. Ethanol
iii. Isopropanol
iv. Ethylene glycol
ii
165
Associated with abusive alcoholic consumption
i. Methanol
ii. Ethanol
iii. Isopropanol
iv. Ethylene glycol
ii
166
Chronic consumption leads to hepatitis and cirrhosis
i. Methanol
ii. Ethanol
iii. Isopropanol
iv. Ethylene glycol
ii
167
Contaminant of home-made liquors
i. Methanol
ii. Ethanol
iii. Isopropanol
iv. Ethylene glycol
i
168
Metabolite of methanol that could lead to severe acidosis and optic neuropathy
Formic acid
169
T/F: Acetone converted from ethanol has a longer half life than that of isopropanol
False (Acetone from isopropanol has a longer half life)
170
T/F: The increase in acetylcholinesterase and pseudoacetylcholinesterase indicates pesticide poisoning
False (pesticides inhibit acetylcholinesterase and pseudoacetylcholinesterase)
171
Specimens used in chronic arsenic abuse
Hair and nails
172
Most dangerous form of arsenic
Arsine gas
173
Non-essential trace element that has a distinct but mild garlic odor
Arsine gas (Arsenic)
174
T/F: Blood is the more preferred sample than urine in arsenic abuse
False (Urine is more preferred since arsenic has a short half life in blood)
175
T/F: Cadmium absorption is higher in females than in males
True
176
Half-life of cadmium in the blood
10 years
177
Specimen preferred in cadmium & lead detection
Whole blood
178
Tube for lead analysis
Tan-colored tube
179
Preferred method of analysis for lead exposure
ICP-MS
180
Wrist drop or foot drop manifestation
i. Arsenic
ii. Cadmium
iii. Lead
iv. Mercury
iii
181
Associated with Congenital Minimata disease
i. Arsenic
ii. Cadmium
iii. Lead
iv. Mercury
iv
182
Inhibits Kreb's cycle
i. Salicylates
ii. Acetaminophen
i
183
Which of the following is not a function of acetaminophen?
i. Analgesic
ii. Anti-pyretic
iii. Anti-inflammatory
iii
184
Known to be hepatotoxic
i. Salicylates
ii. Acetaminophen
ii
185
Reference method for acetaminophen
HPLC
186
Method of salicylate detection that uses ferric chloride
Trinder reaction
