Endothelium, Plaque Rupture, and Vascular Injury

Question 1

Large arteries have more _________, while smaller arteries have more ___________.

Answer 1

elastin; collagen

Question 2

What ligands can stimulate the production of nitric oxide?

Answer 2

Acetylcholine, bradykinin, serotonin, and thrombin

Question 3

What are foam cells?

Answer 3

Macrophages that have engulfed a lot of LDL and changed their metabolic state

Question 4

What are the three broad stages of atherosclerotic plaque formation?

Answer 4

Fatty streak, plaque formation, and plaque rupture

Question 5

Stable plaques ______________.

Answer 5

are rich in fibrous tissues; are calcified; have less lipid content; have less inflammation; and have less apoptosis

Question 6

Vulnerable plaques _______________.

Answer 6

are less fibrous; are less calcified; have more lipid content; have more inflammation; and have more apoptosis

Question 7

Decreased NO leads to transcription of ___________.

Answer 7

inflammatory markers

Question 8

Strokes commonly result from two things: ___________.

Answer 8

atheroembolism from the carotid bifurcation or thromboembolism from atrial fibrillation

Question 9

Strokes can affect the ________ artery.

Answer 9

ophthalmic

Question 10

ST elevation is caused by _______ obstruction, while depression is caused by __________.

Answer 10

100%; less, such as 90%

Question 11

The term “coronary artery disease” includes the diseases ___________.

Answer 11

chronic stable angina, unstable angina, and myocardial infarction

Question 12

Myocardial infarctions can be _____________.

Answer 12

totally occlusive or partially occlusive

Question 13

Peripheral artery disease includes ____________.

Answer 13

limb claudication when stenosis is ~70% or ischemia from complete occlusion

Question 14

Adventitia is primarily _____________.

Answer 14

loose connective tissue

Question 15

Foams cells secrete _________ that degrade the fibrous shell.

Answer 15

matrix metalloproteases