Ventilation

Question 1

What is minute ventilation?

Answer 1

Amount of air flowing through the lungs in one minute, as expressed by this formula: tidal volume x respiratory rate

Question 2

What is alveolar ventilation?

Answer 2

Volume of air in the alveolar space in one minute (usually roughly 4.2 L)

Question 3

The alveoli represent _____ percent of lung volume.

Answer 3

70

Question 4

Generally, ventilation is only affected by _______ disease states.

Answer 4

severe

Question 5

During exercise, ventilation increases ______ fold.

Answer 5

10

Question 6

Due to gravity, alveoli at the top are _______.

Answer 6

larger (by about 2.5 times)

Question 7

Smaller alveoli have ________ ventilation.

Answer 7

more

Question 8

Elastic work is greater at _________.

Answer 8

high tidal volumes

Question 9

Airway resistance is decreased by ___________.

Answer 9

increased volume

Question 10

Those with obstructive diseases breathe at _____ frequency and ______ tidal volume.

Answer 10

lower; higher

Question 11

In the lung, what is dead space?

Answer 11

Areas that do not participate in gas exchange

Question 12

Physiologic dead space is __________.

Answer 12

the sum of the anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space

Question 13

How does dead space affect ventilation?

Answer 13

It increases the work of breathing, because less of the air participates in ventilation.

Question 14

Why is residual capacity decreased in those with pulmonary fibrosis?

Answer 14

Their lungs are more rigid, and thus they pull inwards more than healthy lungs.

Question 15

What is the formula for rate of airflow?

Answer 15

FEV(1.0) / FVC, which is usually ~0.8

Question 16

The functional residual capacity represents ___________.

Answer 16

the volume of the lung at the end of expiration during quiet breathing

Question 17

Large aveoli have _______ compliance.

Answer 17

less

Question 18

Those with obstructive diseases have more resistance work at ___________.

Answer 18

the same elasticity levels

Question 19

Differentiate functional residual capacity and reserve volume.

Answer 19

Functional residual capacity is the amount of air in the lungs after a normal, resting expiration, and reserve volume is the amount of air in the lungs after a forced expiration.

Question 20

Functionally, what does FEV/FVC mean?

Answer 20

It is the amount of air that you can get out of your lungs in one second. Because a normal value is ~0.8, this means an average person can get 80% of their vital capacity out of their lungs in one second.

Question 21

Of RV, FRC, TLC, VC, and FEV/FVC, which values would be decreased in a person with a restrictive lung disease?

Answer 21

TLC and VC would be most decreased; RV and FRC would also be decreased, but less so. FEV/FVC would be normal or small increase.

Question 22

Of RV, FRC, TLC, VC, and FEV/FVC, which values would be decreased in a person with bronchitis?

Answer 22

TLC would remain the same. FEV/FVC would be decreased. VC would be decreased. RV and FRC would be increased.

Question 23

Minute ventilation is always ________ alveolar ventilation.

Answer 23

greater than

Question 24

For many milder diseases, ventilation is often ____________.

Answer 24

regionally compensated

Question 25

Larger alveoli will have _________ ventilation. Why?

Answer 25

less; think of the pressure-volume plot–there is less compliance at higher volumes

Question 26

Someone whose primary problem is increased airway resistance would want to breathe at _________.

Answer 26

larger tidal volumes

Question 27

A typical value for Vt is ________.

Answer 27

500 mL

Question 28

The maximum volume of air forcefully expired after a maximal inhalation is called ______.

Answer 28

vital capacity

Question 29

Unlike the other obstructive diseases, emphysema can cause ___________ vital capacity.

Answer 29

unchanged or increased