RESS

Question 1

What is the scientific method?

Answer 1

Observation
Propose or modify hypothesis
Test hypothesis
Reject hypothesis and modify it
OR not reject hypothesis and re-test

Question 2

Is there truth in science?

Answer 2

No

Question 3

What are the 3 requirements of a health outcome?

Answer 3

Validity, reliability, responsiveness

Question 4

What is validity?

Answer 4

Whether it accurately measures what it purports to measure

Question 5

What is reliability?

Answer 5

Same result if retest?

Question 6

What is responsiveness?

Answer 6

Does it detect changes when they occur?

Question 7

Definition of a fact?

Answer 7

Confirmed to such a degree that disagreement would be perverse

Question 8

Definition of a hypothesis?

Answer 8

A testable statement that describes an observation

Question 9

How do you verify a hypothesis?

Answer 9

Not falsifying it

Question 10

4 things a hypothesis must be?

Answer 10

Plausible
Testable
Have direction
Precise

Question 11

Economics is about limited ______ and unlimited_____?

Answer 11

Resources

‘Wants’

Question 12

What is opportunity cost?

Answer 12

Choosing A over B means giving up B

Question 13

What is technical efficiency?

Answer 13

What is the best way to deliver a programme?

Question 14

What is allocative efficiency?

Answer 14

Producing something that matches demand

Question 15

Resources being allocated between activities in such a way as to maximise benefit is called?

Answer 15

Economic efficiency

Question 16

What is the ‘margin’ in economics?

Answer 16

The next step

Question 17

What are the marginal benefits and costs?

Answer 17

The benefits and costs of taking the next step

Question 18

Does efficiency consider WHO benefits?

Answer 18

No

Question 19

What is equity?

Answer 19

Fairness or justice of the distributions

Question 20

What is the cost and what is the outcome for cost benefit?

Answer 20

Both are monetary value

Question 21

What is the cost and what is the outcome for cost effectiveness

Answer 21

Cost: monetary value
Outcome: Natural units e.g. life years saved

Question 22

What is the cost and what is the outcome for cost utility?

Answer 22

Cost: monetary value
Outcome: utility values e.g. QALYs

Question 23

What type of cost analysis do NICE use?

Answer 23

Cost utility analysis

Question 24

What is EQ-5D?

Answer 24

Way of finding out QALYs, a survey that uses country specific data for its algorithm

Question 25

What perspectives might be considered in determining cost perspective?

Answer 25

Societal (absence from work etc) | Health care system

Question 26

Cost effectiveness ratio =?

Answer 26

Cost/QALYs

Question 27

What is the incremental cost effectiveness ratio?

Answer 27

Change in cost/ change in effectiveness

Question 28

What does a cost-effectiveness acceptability curve show?

Answer 28

The probability that the intervention is cost effective compared with the alternative. Cost effectiveness threshold aka willingness to pay against probability

Question 29

In normal distribution which average is used?

Answer 29

Mean and SD

Question 30

In skewed distribution which average is used?

Answer 30

Median and IQR

Question 31

What graph do you use to find the distribution of a continuous variable?

Answer 31

Histogram

Question 32

Mortality=?

Answer 32

Number dying from the disease/number dying in the period

Question 33

Case fatality=?

Answer 33

Number dying from the disease/number with the disease (in the period)

Question 34

A risk ratio of 1 would indicate what?

Answer 34

The exposure has no impact

Question 35

A risk ratio of more than 1 =?

Answer 35

Exposure is harmful

Question 36

What is the P value?

Answer 36

Probability that the results were due to the hypothesis (rather than chance)

Question 37

Effect size

Answer 37

A quantitative measure of the strength of a phenomenon

Question 38

What is a confidence interval

Answer 38

X% (normally 95%) certain that the true population mean falls within a specified range e.g. +-0.05

Question 39

Correlation should not be used in which 5 cases?

Answer 39

1. There is a non-linear relationship between variables 2. There are outliers 3. There are distinct sub-groups, for example, if we mix two samples together such as healthy controls and disease cases 4. One or both of the variables is not normally distributed. 5. One or both of the variables is non-numeric.

Question 40

Calculation of a risk ratio requires? And so what sort of study can this be used in?

Answer 40

Incidence | Cohort

Question 41

Risk ratio is a measure of

Answer 41

Relative risk

Question 42

Odds are

Answer 42

number of times the event occurs divided by the number of times it does not occur.

Question 43

Risk/probability is?

Answer 43

Number of outcomes / total number of possible outcomes

Question 44

What is the odds ratio for?

Answer 44

Represents the relative risk for a case-control study (when there is no incidence.)

Question 45

Linear regression allows us to?

Answer 45

Make predictions

Question 46

What is the null hypothesis of the chi-squared test

Answer 46

That there is no relationship between the variables

Question 47

When can chi-squared not be used?

Answer 47

Small sample size- it is too likely to reject the null hypothesis in this case (but a correction can be used)

Question 48

If P is more than what value can you not reject the null hypothesis in a chi-squared test?

Answer 48

0.05

Question 49

What is a 'failure' in a study?

Answer 49

Someone leaving/dying etc.

Question 50

Leaving the study before the event occurs, or entering the study after the start of the study, is known as ?

Answer 50

Censoring

Question 51

Right censored data occurs when....?

Answer 51

the people in the study did not reach a failure before the end of the study.

Question 52

Left censoring is when....?

Answer 52

We are not certain what happened to people before the time at which they entered the study. A common example is when people already have the disease of interest when the study starts.

Question 53

The survival function is defined as....?

Answer 53

the chance of survival until a certain time

Question 54

The hazard function is defined as....?

Answer 54

the chance of instantaneous failure at any one time

Question 55

What is an odds ratio?

Answer 55

the ratio of the odds of having a disease to the odds of not having a disease.