C&M term 2 Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Root value femoral nerve
A
L2-4
2
Q
Root value obturator nerve
A
L2-L4
3
Q
Root value sciatic nerve
A
L4-S3
4
Q
Internal iliac branches
A
Sup gluteal
Obturator
Inf gluteal
5
Q
What passes through the adductor hiatus?
A
Femoral artery and vein
6
Q
What runs in the adductor canal?
A
Femoral artery, vein and branches of the femoral nerve
7
Q
What does the femoral artery become after the adductor hiatus?
A
Popliteal artery
8
Q
What branch of the popliteal artery pierces the interosseus membrane to run anteriorly?
A
Anterior tibial
9
Q
Where do the plantar arteries arise from?
A
Posterior tibial
10
Q
Where do the dorsalis pedis arteries arise from?
A
Anterior tibial, contribution from perforating branch of the fibular
11
Q
Posterior thigh innervation
A
Sciatic- tibial division except BFSH is c fibular
12
Q
Innervation plantar muscles foot
A
All lateral plantar except FDB, FHB, AbH, 1st lumbrical
13
Q
Contents of pop foss
A
Popliteal artery and vein Tibial nerve Common fibular nerve Short saphenous vein Lymph
14
Q
Dorsalis pedis is felt where?
A
Lateral to EHL tendon
15
Q
PSIS what level?
A
S2 skin dimples
16
Q
Level of bifurcation iliac arteries
A
S2
17
Q
Appearance of T1 MRI
A
white is right (skull)
18
Q
What is white in T2 mri?
A
Fluid
19
Q
Bone and air are what colours in a CT?
A
Bone white air black
20
Q
Part of thalamus of auditory pathway?
A
MGN
21
Q
Part of thalamus of DC pathway?
A
VPL
22
Q
Part of thalamus of sensory from head pathway?
A
VPM
23
Q
Part of thalamus of visual pathway?
A
LGN
24
Q
Part of thalamus of ST pathway?
A
VPL
25
Conductive deafness Rinnes test result?
Bone cnduction is louder
26
Sensorineural deafness rinnes test result
Normal
27
Conductive deafness Weber's test result?
Damaged ear is loudest
28
Sensorineural deafness weber's test result
Normal loudest
29
Normal hearing Rinne's result
Air louder than bone
30
Normal hearing Weber's test result
Same each side
31
Frequency of speech?
3,000 Hz
32
Lower part of the face is bilateral/ipsilateral/contralateral
Contralateral
33
Lateral medullary/wallenburg's syndrome involves occlusion of which artery?
Post inf cerebellar
34
Autonomic dysreflexia is?
HTN in established spinal injury patients
35
Maculae are made of?
Supporting cells surrounding hair cells that are innervated by utricular and saccular sensory nerve fubres. Hair cells have tufts of cilia that penetrate gelatinous otolithic membrane of CaCO3 crystals
36
Medial vestibular nucleus sgets information from what and goes to what?
From SSCs to MNs of neck/body to orientate head and stabilise retinal image (VO reflex)
37
Where does the lateral vestibulat nucleus get info from and where does it go?
From utricle and saccule, goes to cerebellum and limb motor neurons to maintain upright body posture
38
What is Meniere's syndrome
Pressure, earache, tinnitus and dizziness
| Due to increased vol endolymph and rupturing of membranous labyrinth
39
What is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo?
CaCO3 crystals dislodged from otolith
| Illusion of movement and disorientation, dizziness
40
\What is ototoxicity
damage to usually VC nerve from drugs/toxins
41
What do vestibular neuritis, brainstem carcinoma, infarction and haemorrhage all lead to?
Disrupted postural control
42
Where is a medulloblastoma, in whom does it occur and what symptoms?
Cerebellum, children
| Postural instability as can't use info from utricles and saccules
43
Rods features?
Low acuity, can see in dark, slow response, achromatic
44
What is scotopic luminance?
Night time lighting- rods only
45
What is mesopic luminance?
Twilight- both
46
What is photopic luminance?
Daytime lighting- cones only
47
What is an anomalous trichromat?
Alternative perception of colour
48
What is a dichromat?
colour blind
49
What is the name for normal vision
Trichromat
50
What is the pigment in rod cells?
Rhodopsin
51
Is neurotransmitter released in light or dark?
Dark
52
3 types retinal ganglion cells
Magnocellular (M)
Parvocellular (P)
Non-M non-P type (K)
53
What do M type ganglion cells detect?
Movement
54
What do P type ganglion cells detect?
form and fine detail, colour
55
What do K type ganglion cells detect?
Colour
56
What is the most prevalent type of ganglion cell?
P type (90%)
57
Meissner's detects?
low freq vibration
58
Merkel detects?
Small forms and shape
59
Pacinian?
high freq vibration
60
Ruffini
Pressure
61
Which tactile receptors have a large receptive field?
Pacinian and Ruffini
62
Posterior parietal damage =?
Neglect, asteroagnosia, R+L confusion
63
Late pain is what type of fibre?
C
64
First pain is?
Alpha delta
65
Which modalities does Alpha delta fibres have
mechanical and thermal
66
Where are nociceptor cell bodies?
DRG
67
What do nociceptors travel up and down the spinal cord in before synapsing?
Zone of lissauer
68
Where do nociceptors synapse?
Dorsal horm (superficial laminae- 1 and 2- subs gel)
69
What is the neurotransmitter of nociceptors?
Glutamate
70
In high stimuli what is released at synapses?
Substance P
71
Where is perception of pain?
Thalamus
72
Where does localisation of pain occur?
Cortex
73
What is non painful stimulation fibre type?
Alpha beta
74
What are the 4 types of pain?
Chronic or acute
| Nociceptive or neuropathic
75
Direct pathway of movement initiation involves which 4 structures
Cortex, striatum, GPi, thalamus (cortex again)
76
Indirect pathway involves which 6 structures?
Cortex, striatum, GPe, subthalamus, GPi, Thalamus (cortex again)
77
What is the role of substantia nigra and what does it release? where does it act?
Dopamine, acts on striatum
| More initiation- excites direct pathway and inhibits indirect
78
Hyperkinsea/chorea would be damage to what?
Subthalamus, or inhibitory fibres from striatum to GP
79
function of the direct pathway?
facilitates wanted movement
80
Function of indirect pathway?
Inhibits unwanted movement
81
What lamina of the VGH do MNs synapse in?
9
82
Muscle tone involves interaction between which two things?
Spindles and alpha motor neurons
83
Is babinski sign U or L MN damage?
Upper
84
2 types of spindle fibres and what type of fibres
Bag- 1a (dynamic)
| Chain- 1a and 2 (static)
85
What type of MN are spindle fibres innervated by?
gamma
86
What MN type is responsible for tension generation
alpha
87
Fibre type in golgi tendons
1b
88
What do golgi and spindle detect?
Golgi tension
| Spindle stretch
89
Why do spindle need motor innervation
They adjust length in response to alpha
90
What does the myotatic stretch reflex involve?
Tap muscle tendon, 1a afferent synapses with alpha motor neuron in SC, homonymous muscle contracts
Also inhibition of antagonising muscle through interneuron
91
What does the inverse myotatic reflex involve?
Increased firing in 1b afferent
Inhibition via inhibitory neuron in SC
Alpha motor neuron- inhibition of homonymous muscle
(protective)
92
What does the crossed extensor/flexor withdrawal reflex involve?
Increased activity in alpha delta and C afferents
Ipsilateral flexors and contralateral extensors excitred
Ipsilateral extensors and contralateral flexors inhibited
93
Which reflex involves a change in muscle tension?
Inverse myotatic
94
Vestibulocerebellum function
Balance, constancy of visual fields
95
Spinocerebellum function
Posture and locomotion
96
Cerebrocerebellar function
Fine skilled movements of hands
97
What is the vestibulospinal pathway involved in? what nucleus?
Posture
| Vestibular nucleus
98
What is the reticulospinal pathway involved in? Where in brain?
Voluntary movement, breathing, consciousness
| Brainstem reticular formation
99
What is the rubrospinal pathway involved in? What nucleus?
Muscle tone
| Red nucleus
100
What runs in the spinocerebellar tract?
| Is this ipsilateral or contra?
Proprioception and other sensory informationfrom spinal cord (from spindles and golgi) into cerebellum (knows what muscles are currently doing) via ICP into spinocerebellum
Ipsilateral
101
What does the cerebrocerebellum recieve input from?
| Is this ipsi or contralateral
What muscles are about to do- motor cortex via pontine nuclei (MCP)
-inferior olivary nucleus (ICP)
CONTRALATERAL
102
What is the output of the cerebellum?
| Contra or ipsi?
```
To:
Motor cortex via thalamus
Reticular nuclei
Red nucleus
This crosses the midline (but recrosses when motor fibres cross at medullary pyramids so ipsilateral overall)
```
103
What is truncal ataxia\;
Inability to sit or stand without falling over
Vestibulocerebellar lesion, midline
Medulloblastoma
104
What is gait ataxia?
Lower limbs affected- gait staggering
Spinocerebellar lesion
Alcoholics
105
Cerebrocerebellar lesion =?
```
Intention tremor
Past pointing
adiadochokinesis
dysarthria
nystagmus
```
106
what is an output out of the ICP?
Efferents to neck and eye lower motor neurons
