Palabras que confunden > Research Methods Exam 1 > Flashcards

Research Methods Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Basic research

A

Research conducted to increase general knowledge or test theories, not an immediate practical goal.

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2
Q

Applied research

A

Research conducted to solve a real-world problem

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3
Q

Translational research

A

Research that applies research from basic research to develop practical applications

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4
Q

Availability heuristic

A

A mental shortcut in which people judge the likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind.

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5
Q

Confirmation bias

A

The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one’s existing beliefs.

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6
Q

Illusory truth effect

A

The tendency to believe repeated information is truthful just because it’s familiar

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7
Q

Theory

A

A broad explanation or model that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

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8
Q

Hypothesis

A

A specific, testable prediction derived from a theory.

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9
Q

Confound

A

A variable that systematically varies with the independent variable and makes it unclear what caused the results.

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10
Q

Falsifiability

A

The idea that a scientific claim must be testable and capable of being proven wrong.

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11
Q

Public verification

A

The requirement that scientific findings be shared publicly so others can evaluate and replicate them.

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12
Q

Data sharing

A

Making raw data available to other researchers to increase transparency.

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13
Q

Hypothesis preregistration

A

Publicly stating research plans and predictions before collecting data to prevent bias or “p-hacking.”

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14
Q

Sections of a primary research article

A

Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion

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15
Q

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

A committee that reviews research to ensure its ethical and protects participants

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16
Q

Informed consent

A

Participants are told what the study involves and voluntarily agree to participate.

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17
Q

Debriefing

A

Explaining the true purpose of a study to participants after it ends, especially if deception was used.

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18
Q

Stanley Milgram’s obedience study

A

A study showing people will obey authority figures even when instructed to harm others, raising major ethical concerns about stress and deception.

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19
Q

The Belmont Report principles

A

Respect for persons (protect vulnerable peoples), beneficence (maximize benefits and minimize harms), justice (fair distribution of research risk and benefits)

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20
Q

Vulnerable populations

A

Groups needing extra protection (e.g., children, prisoners).

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21
Q

Fabrication

A

Making up data.

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22
Q

Falsification

A

Altering or manipulating research data dishonestly.

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23
Q

Operational definition

A

A precise description of how a variable is measured or manipulated.

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24
Q

Description

A

A claim that summarizes characteristics of a variable.

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25
Prediction
A claim that two variables are related
26
Explanation
A causal claim that one variable causes changes in another.
27
Quasi-experiment
A study with an independent variable but without random assignment.
28
Independent variable (IV)
The variable manipulated by the researcher.
29
Dependent variable (DV)
The variable measured as the outcome.
30
Predictor variable
The variable used to predict another variable (in correlational research).
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Criterion variable
The outcome variable being predicted.
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Random assignment
Assigning participants to groups by chance to control confounds.
33
Covariance
Two variables change together.
34
Temporal precedence
The cause comes before the effect.
35
Internal validity
The degree to which a study establishes a trustworthy cause-and-effect relationship.
36
Statistical validity
The extent to which statistical conclusions are accurate and reliable.
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Threats to internal validity
Nonequivalent control group, Regression to the mean, Floor effect, Ceiling effect
38
Demand characteristics
Cues that influence participants to behave in ways they think are expected.
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Reactivity
When participants change behavior because they know they are being observed.
40
External validity
The extent to which results generalize to other people or settings.
41
Third variable problem
A hidden variable explains the relationship between two variables.
42
Variability
How spread out scores are (measured by range, variance, standard deviation).
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Nominal variables
Categories with no order (e.g., major).
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Ordinal variables
Ordered categories (e.g., class rank).
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Interval variable
Equal intervals but no true zero (e.g., temperature in °C).
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Ratio variables
Equal intervals with a true zero (e.g., height). Value of zero represents absence of variable
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Discrete variable
Whole-number values only.
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Continuous variable
Can take any value within a range.
49
Coding system
A system for categorizing responses into numerical values.
50
Construct validity
How well a measure represents the intended construct.
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Face validity
Appears to measure what it claims to measure. (ex. math test measuring addition skills with only addition questions)
52
Content validity
Covers all aspects of the construct. (ex. test measures all symptoms of depression)
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Criterion validity
Correlates with an outcome measure. Ex. comparing SAT scores to GPA
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Convergent validity
Correlates with related measures. Ex. comparing a new anxiety survey to a previously validated one
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Divergent validity
Does not correlate with unrelated measures. Ex. new depression scale should not be strongly correlated with physical health
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Reliability
Consistency of a measurement.
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Internal reliability
Items on a test measure the same construct.
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Item-total reliability
How well each item correlates with the total score.
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Cronbach's alpha
A statistic measuring internal consistency (0–1 scale).
60
Measurement error
Random or systematic inaccuracies in measurement. Ex. test anxiety skewing IQ scores
61
Survey research
Uses questionnaires or interviews to measure variables.
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Loaded question
Contains emotionally charged wording. Ex. "what were you wearing when you robbed the bank?"
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Leading question
Suggests a desired answer. ex. "When would you like to get started?"
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Double-barreled question
Asks two things at once. Ex. "Do you think this product is useful and affordable?"
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Open-ended question
Participants answer in their own words.
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Partially open-ended question
Fixed choices plus “other.”
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Closed-ended (forced choice) question
Participants select from given options.
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Fence-sitting
Choosing the neutral option to avoid taking a stance.
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Reverse-coded question
Worded opposite to detect careless responses.
70
Naturalistic observation
Observing behavior in its natural environment.
71
Structured observation
Observation using a systematic coding system. Ex. attachment style study
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Direct observation
Watching behavior as it occurs.
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Indirect observation
Using physical traces or records.
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Concealed observation
Participants don’t know they are being observed.
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Unconcealed observation
Participants know they are being observed.
76
Disguised observation
Observers pretend to have another role.
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Undisguised observation
Observers clearly identify themselves.
78
Archival research
Using existing records to study behavior.
79
Field experiment
An experiment conducted in a real-world setting.
80
Single-blind design
Participants don’t know their group assignment.
81
Double-blind design
Neither participants nor researchers know group assignments.
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Positive correlation
As one variable increases, the other increases.
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Negative correlation
As one increases, the other decreases.
84
Curvilinear correlation
Relationship changes direction at different levels.
85
Effect size
Strength of a relationship (e.g., correlation coefficient).
86
Restriction of range
Limited variability reduces observed correlation.
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Probability sample
Every member has a known chance of selection.
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Non-probability sample
Not all members have a known chance of selection.
89
Simple random sampling
Everyone has equal probability of selection.
90
Stratified random sampling
Everyone has equal probability of selection.
91
Cluster sampling
Randomly select clusters, then sample everyone in them.
92
Convenience sampling
Sampling those easiest to access.
93
Quota sampling
Non-random sampling to match population proportions.
94
Self-selection
Participants volunteer themselves
95
Representative sample
Accurately reflects the population’s characteristics.
96
Personal interviews
High response rate, expensive, interviewer bias possible.
97
Mail surveys
Low cost, low response rate.
98
Phone surveys
Moderate response rate, limited length.
99
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