Palabras que confunden > Psych Exam 1 > Flashcards

Psych Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Behavior

A

Observable actions of humans or animals

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2
Q

Dualism

A

The mind and body are separate ideas

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3
Q

Functionalism

A

Focuses on how mental processes help individuals adapt to environment (ex. feeling fear allows for protective actions)

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4
Q

Introspection

A

Self-examination of one’s thoughts and feelings (ex. journaling)

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5
Q

Reaction time

A

Time between stimulus and response

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6
Q

Structuralism

A

Early school of thought; tried to break consciousness into basic elements using introspection

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7
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Developed psychoanalysis; emphasized unconscious processes and childhood experiences.

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8
Q

William James

A

Father of American Psychology, promoted functionalism

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9
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Behaviorism, operant conditioning

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10
Q

Behaviorism

A

Empirically measure behavior (can’t measure unconscious)

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11
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

Studies, diagnoses, and treats mental disorders.

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12
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Retained emphasis on experiments & measurements while still acknowledging internal mental processes

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13
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Studies psychological growth across a lifespan

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14
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

A form of talk therapy that explores the unconscious mind to uncover the root causes of emotional problems and patterns of behavior.

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15
Q

Social Psychology

A

Humans are social, others’ presence affects us

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16
Q

Central Tendency

A

Measures like mean, median, mode that summarize a data set.

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17
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

Tendency to search for evidence that confirms our beliefs.

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18
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The outcome measured in an experiment.

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19
Q

Empiricism

A

Knowledge comes from observation/experience.

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20
Q

Independent Variable

A

The variable manipulated by the researcher.

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21
Q

Materialism

A

The mind is what the brain does; mental processes result from physical interactions.

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22
Q

Third Variable Problem

A

When a third factor explains a correlation between two others.

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23
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Two variables moving in the same direction

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24
Q

Negative Correlation

A

Two variables moving in opposite directions

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25
Experimental vs. Control Groups
One group gets the treatment, the other does not
26
Why is random assignment important
To avoid bias and ensure both groups are similar
27
Demand Characteristics
When the participant guesses the aim of the research or realises they are being observed and changes their behaviour accordingly. Counteracted through deception and double blind
28
Falsifiable
Can be proven wrong (ex. one that's not falsifiable is that there are invisible quiet aliens watching our every move)
29
Public verification
Results can be peer-reviewed and replicated
30
Ethics in research
Informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, debriefing
31
Axon
Carries information to other neurons, muscles, or glands
32
Axon terminal
Releases neurotransmitters
33
Cell body
Contains the nucleus and supports cell functions
34
Dendrites
Receives information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body
35
Myelin Sheath
Fatty layer that protects neuron and speeds up neural impulses
36
Interneurons
Connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other neurons
37
Motor neurons
Carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles that produce movement
38
Sensory neurons
Receive information from external world and convey that info to the brain via the spinal cord
39
Diffusion
Ions move from a higher to lower concentration
40
Electrostatic Force
Like charges repel; opposites attract
41
Action Potential Steps
Resting Potential, Depolarization, Repolarization, Hyperpolarization, Return to Resting
42
Resting Potential
-70 mv, inside the neuron has a net negative charge compared to the outside
43
Depolarization
Na+ rushes in, becomes more positive
44
Repolarization
K+ flows out, restoring negative charge. NA+ is still flowing in
45
Hyperpolarization
Too much K+ leaves, (due to NA gates closing) cell becomes overly negative, so pumps have to then reset Na+ and K+ concentrations
46
Dopamine
Motivation, pleasure, emotional control, and motor behavior. Too much = schizophrenia. To little = Parkinson's
47
GABA
Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, prevents firing of neurons
48
Glutamate
Major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, enhancing transmission of info between neurons
49
Serotonin
Mood, sleep, appetite
50
CNS vs PNS
CNS is brain + spinal cord, PNS is all other nerves
51
Autonomic vs Somatic
Autonomic is involuntary (organs), while somatic is voluntary movement
52
Parasympathetic vs Sympathetic
Sympathetic is rest and flight while parasympathetic is rest and digest
53
Gyri vs Sulci
Gyri - ridges. Sulci - Grooves/folds
54
Amygdala
Forebrain- emotion, especially fear
55
Broca's area
Forebrain - controls production of speech and language expression
56
Cerebellum
Hindbrain - fine motor skills (ex. balance, bike, piano)
57
Corpus Callosum
Connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the the brain & supports communication of info across hemis
58
Frontal Lobe
Contains motor cortex and has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement
59
Hippocampus
Hindbrain - Responsible for memory formation
60
Occipital Lobe
At the back of the brain, responsible for visual processing
61
Parietal Lobe
At the top and back of the brain, processes sensory information such as touch, temperature, pain, and spatial awareness
62
Temporal Lobe
On sides of brain, near temples, responsible for hearing, memory, & language comprehension
63
Thalamus
Forebrain - relays and filters info from senses & transmits to cerebral cortex
64
CT-Scan
X-ray images of brain structure
65
EEG
Electrodes on head, measures billions of electrons
66
Electrophysiology
Measures neuron activity using electrodes
67
fMRI
Measures blood flow to show brain activity
68
Absolute threshold
Smallest detectable stimulus.
69
JND
Minimum change needed to detect a difference
70
Perception
Brain's interpretation of sensory input
71
Sensation
Simple stimulation of a sense organ
72
Sensory Adaptation
Reduced response to constant stimuli
73
Transduction
Converting stimulus into neural signals
74
Weber's Law
JND is proportional to stimulus intensity
75
Cone Cells
Color vision, detail (in fovea)
76
Dorsal Pathway
"Where" pathway. Helps us know where things are & how to interact w/ them
77
Fovea
Center of retina, sharpest vision
78
Optic Nerve
Sends visual info to brain (thalamus); creates blind spot
79
Primary Visual Cortex (V1)
Receives info from thalamus, where visual processing begins
80
Rod Cells
Low-light, black & white vision
81
Ventral pathway
"What" pathway. Helps us recognize what an object is - its shape & identity
82
Monocular depth cues
Familiar size, linear perspective, interposition
83
Binocular disparity
Provide depth and distance perception by comparing different images received by each eye
84
Study the study
regarding social change blindness
85
What kind of physical stimulus does each sensory system detect
Hearing - sound waves. Touch (somatosensory cortex) - pressure, vibration, etc. Smell (olfactory system) - odorants. Taste (gustatory) - taste receptor cells from taste buds detect chemicals
86
How does auditory system detect where sound is coming from?
1) How the outer ear (pinna) changes sounds based on direction. 2) The tiny difference in time sounds reach each ear. 3) Differences in loudness of high-pitched sounds between ears
87
Five basic tastes
Sweet, Sour, Salt, Bitter, Umami
88
Cochlea
A spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear that converts sound vibrations into neural signals via fluid movement and stimulation of hair cells.
89
Hair Cells
Sensory receptors located in the cochlea that convert mechanical movement into electrical signals.
90
Olfactory Bulb
The brain structure that receives neural input about odors detected by cells in the nasal cavity; processes smell signals.
91
Ossicles
Three tiny bones in the middle ear that amplify and transmit sound from the eardrum to the inner ear (cochlea).
92
Somatosensory Cortex
Region in the brain (parietal lobe) that processes touch, pressure, temperature, and pain sensations from the body.
93
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