Integumentary System: anna copy

Question 1

Skin Functions

Answer 1

-Protection
-Sensation
-Temperature regulation
-Absorption
-Vitamin D production: Calcium absorption, bone strength, muscle, neural, immune function

Question 2

What type of tissue is epidermis

Answer 2

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 3

What type of tissue is Dermis

Answer 3

Dense irregular CT

Question 4

Epidermal layers

Answer 4

Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum

Bad sons give lame cock

Question 5

Stratum Basale

Answer 5

Deepest layer
Single layer of “basal cells” (epidermal stem cells)
-Rapidly reproducing cells
-Layer of epidermal regeneration
-Pushed superficially into stratum spinosum

Question 6

Stratum Spinosum

Answer 6

-“Spiny layer”
-About 10 layers of keratinocytes
-Begin filling with keratin: Trauma-resistant protein
-Attached by desmosomes
-Membrane linker proteins
-Contribute to protective function of skin

Question 7

Stratum Granulosum

Answer 7

-“Grainy layer”
-About 5 layers of keratinocytes
-Continue to fill with keratin
-Nucleus and organelles destroyed
-Cells flatten
-Produce granules of keratohyalin
-Crosslinks the keratin proteins to
strengthen barrier

Question 8

Stratum Lucidum

Answer 8

-“Translucent layer”
-Several layers of dead cells
-Packed with eleidin
-Lipid-rich form of keratohyalin
-Waterproof layer
-Found only in “thick skin”
-Typically palms, soles, digits
-“Callus”

Question 9

Stratum Corneum

Answer 9

-“Horny layer”
-About 30 layers of dead cells
-Flakes of keratin
-Continually sloughing off
-Dry, thick surface protects against
abrasion and infection

Question 10

Melanocytes

Answer 10

-Found in stratum basale
-Produce melanin
-Protect against UV rays

Question 11

Merkel Cells

Answer 11

“Tactile cells”
-Respond to light touch
-Release chemicals to stimulate neuron
-Found in stratum basale

Question 12

Dendritic Cells

Answer 12

“Langerhans cells”
-Immune cells of the skin
-Destroy pathogens that have entered through epidermal abrasions

Question 13

Nevus

Answer 13

pigmented skin lesion formed from a cluster of melanocytes; “mole”

Question 14

Freckles

Answer 14

areas of increased melanocyte activity

Question 15

Hemangiomas

Answer 15

skin discoloration due to abnormal proliferation of blood vessels; “birthmark”

Question 16

Friction ridges

Answer 16

“epidermal ridges”; cause fingerprints

Question 17

Dermis

Answer 17

-Deep to the epidermis
-Composed of CT
-Papillary and reticular layers

Question 18

Papillary Layer

Answer 18

Top layer of dermis
-Loose areolar CT
-Dense capillary network
-Supplies nutrients to deep layers of
epidermis
-Temperature regulation
-Dermal papillae
-Epidermal ridges -> Fingerprints

Question 19

Reticular Layer

Answer 19

Deep layer of dermis
-Dense irregular CT
-Accessory structures: Hair, Glands, Sensory receptors

Question 20

Bulb

Answer 20

base of follicle
Papilla: capillary bed
Matrix: living cells divide to form hair

Question 21

Root

Answer 21

hair from bulb to surface

Question 22

Follicle

Answer 22

tube surrounding root

Question 23

Arrector pili muscle

Answer 23

goosebumps

Question 24

Alopecia

Answer 24

Autoimmune disorder where hair follicles are attacked

Question 25

Diffuse hair loss

Answer 25

Hair sheds from all parts of scalp Due to hormones, drugs, iron deficiency

Question 26

Male pattern baldness

Answer 26

Loss of hair from crown of scalp first

Question 27

Hirsutism

Answer 27

Excessive hairiness

Question 28

Hyponychium

Answer 28

under free edge of nail

Question 29

Eponychium

Answer 29

cuticle of the nail

Question 30

Lunula

Answer 30

moon part of nail

Question 31

Brittle nails

Answer 31

prone to splitting

Question 32

Ingrown nail

Answer 32

edge of nail digs into skin

Question 33

Onychomycosis

Answer 33

fungal infection

Question 34

Spoon nails

Answer 34

nail is concave

Question 35

Beau’s lines

Answer 35

growth interference

Question 36

Vertical ridging

Answer 36

common and harmless

Question 37

Sudoriferous Glands

Answer 37

-Produce sweat -Have ducts -Merocrine (eccrine) -Apocrine (“pits & peri”)

Question 38

Apocrine

Answer 38

(“pits & peri”) -Scent glands - sweat glands of armpits, groin. -Become active in puberty -part of the cell (with vesical) is pinched off to release the product

Question 39

merocrine

Answer 39

-salivary gland and sweat gland(eccrine) - vesicles fuse with the cell membrane to secrete the product of the gland -type of Sudoriferous Gland (sweat gland) -Thermoregulation

Question 40

eccrine

Answer 40

merocrine sweat glands.

Question 41

holocrine secretion

Answer 41

-sebaceous glands -a mature cell dies completely (explodes) to secrete the product

Question 42

Sebaceous glands

Answer 42

-Secretes into hair follicle -Produce sebum (oils) -Protect skin and hair -Antibacterial -Become active in puberty

Question 43

Ceruminous glands

Answer 43

Earwax

Question 44

Cutaneous Receptors

Answer 44

-Sensory receptors in skin that Provide information about external environment -Neural structures that sense light and deep touch, vibration, pressure, pain, temperature, tickle, itch, etc

Question 45

what layer of skin is tattoo ink injected

Answer 45

dermis

Question 46

Hypodermis

Answer 46

-also called Subcutaneous Layer or superficial fascia -made of Areolar and adipose CT -Protection, energy storage, insulation -Common drug injection site: Dense vascular network promotes rapid absorption -Thickness/distribution influenced by sex hormones

Question 47

Acne

Answer 47

-Plugged sebaceous ducts and hair follicles -Begins during puberty -Blackheads, pimples when infected

Question 48

Regeneration

Answer 48

-Regrowth of damaged tissue with same cell type -Restores original function of tissue

Question 49

Fibrosis

Answer 49

-Wound filled with scar tissue -Collagen produced by fibroblasts -Function of original tissue is lost

Question 50

Stages of Wound Healing

Answer 50

1) Damaged blood vessels bleed into wound 2) Blood clot forms 3) Leukocytes clean wound of pathogens and dead tissue 4) Granulation tissue forms: Vascular pre-CT forms in wound 5) Epithelium regenerates/CT fibrosis occurs

Question 51

Psoriasis

Answer 51

-Chronic autoimmune skin disease -Keratinocytes attacked by lymphocytes -Rapid overgrowth of new skin cells -Patches of scaly white skin -Symptoms: Itching, pain, cracked skin -Treatments: Corticosteroids, UV light therapy

Question 52

First degree Burn

Answer 52

- Redness, pain - epidermis affected

Question 53

Second degree burn

Answer 53

- Blisters, scars - epidermis and dermis affected

Question 54

Third degree burn

Answer 54

- Damage to tissue deep to skin; severe scarring - Requires hospitalization - epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous affected